










                                         SumDisk
          
          
          
          
                             A tool to audit your disk space
          
                                 and locate file copies
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
                                     Copyright 1993
          
                                           by
          
                                     Richard Bryant
                                     Rt. 2, Box 1942
                                Bainbridge, Georgia 31717





                                   Table of Contents
          
          
          Quick Start. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1
          
          Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
               System Dependability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
               When Space Gets Tight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
               How SumDisk Helps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
          
          Uses for SumDisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
               Where Am I Using All That Space?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
               What Files Can I Delete to Free Up the Most Space?. . . . . . . . . .  5
               How Much Space Are My Commercial Programs Taking? . . . . . . . . . .  5
               Do I Have Wasted Space in File Copies?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
               Where Are All My .DBF (.WK1, .DOC, etc.) Files? . . . . . . . . . . .  6
               What Basic Information Is Available For My Drive? . . . . . . . . . .  7
          
          A Fast Test Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
               Start-Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
               Other Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
               Fine-Tuning the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
               File Duplicates and File Deletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
               Producing Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
               Wrapping It Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
          
          Running SumDisk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
               Program Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
               The Opening Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
               Viewing the Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
               Getting to the Heart of It. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
                    List Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
                    Size Units Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
                    Mark Duplicate Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
                    Find and Display a List Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
                    Output Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
                    Show Miscellaneous Drive Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
          
          Customizing an Audit from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
               Selecting a Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
               Selecting a Color Scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
               Producing Directory Lists Only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
               Limiting the Size of the Files List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
               Specifying File Groups to Place into the Files List . . . . . . . . . 24
               Specifying File Groups to Exclude from the Files List . . . . . . . . 24
               Fine-Tuning a Files List by Combining /Include & /Exclude . . . . . . 25
               Bypassing Low-level Access to Disk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
          
          Miscellaneous Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
               File Viewing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
               File Deletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
               'Help' Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
               Excluding the Largest File from the Files List. . . . . . . . . . . . 27
          
          Streamlining Your Audit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
               How SumDisk Handles Your System's Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
               Making the Most of Your System's Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
                    Skip Low-level Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28





                    Use the /Files Command Line Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
                    Skip the Files List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
          
          Personalizing Your Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
               Setting Up a Default Audit Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
               Developing Very Specific Files Lists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
          
          Appendix A.  Using the Keyboard in SumDisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
          
          Appendix B.  Bytes, Kilobytes, Sectors and Clusters. . . . . . . . . . . . 33



                                                                                      1
                                                                                      
                                 Quick Start
          
          
            *  To obtain an audit of your drive, with no special requests:
          
                    sumdisk
          
            *  To audit drives C: and D: simultaneously (version 2.11):
          
                    sumdisk c:,d:
          
            *  To produce a Files list of no more than 'n' items:
          
                    sumdisk /f=n
          
            *  To get the longest Files list possible, where a memory shortage is
               causing SumDisk to truncate the Files list:
          
                    sumdisk /s
          
            *  To produce a Files list including only files which match certain
               wildcards (up to 5 wildcards):
          
                    sumdisk /i=wildcard1[,wildcard2,...,wildcard5]
          
            *  To produce a Files list including all files except those matching
               certain wildcards (up to 5 wildcards):
          
                    sumdisk /e=wildcard1[,wildcard2,...,wildcard5]
          
            *  While reviewing the Files list, click on a file's name with the left
               mouse button to view it.
          
            *  While in the Files list, click on a file's name with the right mouse
               button to mark it for deletion.



                                                                                      2
                                                                                      
                                      Introduction
          
          
               Computers are splendid things.  Whether you view them as tools to get
          the job done faster or as sophisticated toys to be amazed and amused by, you
          are probably one of those who relates to, at least in part, the technical
          wizardry going on inside that electronic box.  Utility, speed, and accuracy
          join hands in a well-orchestrated computer system.
          
          
          System Dependability
          
               As well as being fast, accurate, and just generally neat, they are also
          dependable.  With high quality electronics and large hard drives, most
          desktop computers last for years in the same configuration in which they were
          installed.  Many users take for granted that their machine will meet their
          needs well into the future.  This is especially true when they think of their
          high capacity hard disk.
          
               It's natural and common to take your hard drive for granted.  After all,
          there's enough room on it to store dozens of programs and thousands of files. 
          If you're like most other DOS users, you not only have yesterday's files on
          it but you also have many from months or even years ago.  Today's large hard
          drives make it easy to use a file, store it, and forget it.  Some of this is
          honest and needed archiving of important data.  Other times, it's just the
          easy thing to do.
          
          
          When Space Gets Tight
          
               Your honeymoon with abundant disk space will end, though.  Continually
          adding files while removing few will demand more and more precious disk
          space.  You eventually arrive at the point where you simply don't have enough
          room to load on a new program that you'd love to use.
          
               At this point, your job is clear:  you have to identify the least
          valuable files and purge them.  Once you're done, you'll have lots of extra
          space again on your drive, and that new program will fit nicely.
          
               Unfortunately, it's much, much easier said than done.  To do the job
          well, you have the answer some basic questions, such as:
          
                   Which files are the biggest offenders?  That is, which ones are
                    taking up the most space?
                   And where are they, anyway?
                   Which directories are the most bloated?
                   Do you have file copies that can quickly be eliminated?  (Remember
                    that file copies often don't even have the same name!)
                   Are there any software packages that you don't use anymore but are
                    taking lots of real estate?
          
          These are tough questions to answer when the only tool for reviewing your
          files is DOS's lowly DIR command.  Where in the world do you start?  Luckily,
          this question is the easiest one to answer.  You start with SumDisk.
          
          



                                                                                      3
                                                                                      
          How SumDisk Helps
          
               SumDisk is a new kind of disk tool.  By using it, you can simplify the
          job of maintaining your disk.  Freeing up space for new files becomes a snap. 
          Best of all, SumDisk is fast!  Even on slow machines with large drives,
          auditing and reporting takes just a few seconds.
          
               It takes a broader view of your hard drive than the DIR command ever
          has.  After all, you could use DIR, one directory at a time, to find those
          space hogs.  Of course, if you have dozens of directories, you somehow have
          to merge all of those into a single list to get the overview of the entire
          disk.  This is what SumDisk does for you.  It looks at every file on the disk
          and develops that overall file list for you.  Once it's completed the audit,
          it presents you with the summary of where your disk's space is being used. 
          From there it's just a matter of minutes before your hard drive has some
          elbow room again.
          
               SumDisk can also find forgotten file copies, giving more opportunities
          for freeing up disk space.  With the commercial version of the program,
          SumDisk 2.11, you can even find file copies that are on two different drives!
          
               Some of SumDisk's features are:
          
               By-size and by-name sorted lists of disk elements:
          
                        Directories and subdirectories
                        Primary directories in "root", totalled with their
                         subdirectories
                        Files
          
               Simultaneous display of disk element's space usage in both numeric terms
               and as a histogram
          
               Flexible numeric display of disk element's space usage:
          
                        Kilobytes of disk space
                        Bytes
                        Percent of disk total
          
               Flexible reporting of the largest files:
          
                        All files, as memory allows
                        No more than 'n' files
                        Include files matching one of up to five 'include' wildcards
                        Exclude files matching one of up to five 'exclude' wildcards
          
               Lists stored in files or sent to printer
          
               Marking of duplicate files anywhere on the same drive (or two drives in
               SumDisk 2.11)
          
               Viewing of any file in the Files list
          
               Marking of files to delete
          
               Access to SumDisk's features through a menu, with shortcut keystrokes,
               or a mouse



                                                                                      4
                                                                                      
          
               SumDisk's features will help you find the best way to manage your own
          hard disk's space.  No other utility makes it so easy to see where your space
          problems are, and how to solve them.



                                                                                      5
                                                                                      
                                   Uses for SumDisk
          
          
               The dominant reason for SumDisk's development is to help you understand
          exactly where you are using your hard drive's space.  The program accurately
          and quickly tallies every file and reports the audit in easily understood
          terms.  You can use the information to free up space as appropriate.
          
               SumDisk does more than a simple file tally, though.  It will answer all
          the questions below.
          
          
          Where Am I Using All That Space?
          
               In its most basic reporting mode, SumDisk lists every directory (and
          subdirectory) on the disk, sorting them by the amount of space required by
          all the files in the directory.  The one using the most space is at the top
          of the list, with a bar to the left and the space used (in kilobytes) to the
          right.  SumDisk lists smaller directories below.  Each one's bar is sized
          proportional to its kilobytes of space.  A glance at the size gauge bars will
          tell you roughly the footprint for each directory and whether its files are
          major space users.
          
               This is the mode that will best tell you if you have been tucking away
          files into that "temporary" directory but forgetting to delete them. 
          Forgotten program directories appear here, too.  Remember that one you loaded
          and used only once or twice?  It's still there.  Directories for your
          programs' outputs may be sitting on a lot of disk real estate.  Do you really
          need to keep all of it?  Maybe it's time to delete some and copy others to
          floppy or tape.
          
          
          What Files Can I Delete to Free Up the Most Space?
          
               With an Alt-F1 keystroke, you can display a sorted list of the largest
          files on the drive (or two drives in Version 2.11).  Depending upon your
          system memory and any command line options you chose when running SumDisk,
          the list may include all or a subset of the drive's files.  SumDisk sorts
          them by size and displays them in the same fashion as the Directory list.
          
               Only you can decide which files are expendable.  SumDisk simply lets you
          see how important each one is in releasing disk space.  It's fast, easy, and
          accurate.
          
          
          How Much Space Are My Commercial Programs Taking?
          
               The Directory listing shows you the space used in each directory,
          including those created when you installed commercial software.  For example,
          C:\WP51 contains all files needed to run Word Perfect 5.1.  It may not be an
          accurate reading, though, on how big a residence Word Perfect maintains on
          your drive.  Like many commercial packages, Word Perfect creates a
          subdirectory underneath C:\WP51 and places files there.  The overall space
          usage for this program package is the size of C:\WP51 and its subdirectories.
          
               Ctrl-F1 displays a list of "primary" directories, which are those which
          reside in the root directory.  (In the case of most hard drives, "root" means
          C:\.)  The Primary Directories list totals the space in each directory within



                                                                                      6
                                                                                      
          root and all subdirectories beneath it.  
          
               You may have created your own branching of primaries and subdirectories. 
          In the example below, the primary directory C:\DATA does little more than act
          as a placeholder for the subdirectories C:\DATA\LASTYEAR, C:\DATA\THISYEAR,
          and C:\DATA\NEXTYEAR.  In this case, the Directories list shows C:\DATA as
          having little space allocated, but the Primary Directories list accumulates
          the sizes of C:\DATA and all of its three branches.
          
                  Ŀ
                                        Size in         Size in   
                   (Sub)Directory     Directories       Primary   
                                          List        Directories 
                                                          List    
                  Ĵ
                   C:\DATA                 10             960     
                                                                  
                   C:\DATA\LASTYEAR       500              -      
                                                                  
                   C:\DATA\THISYEAR       400              -      
                                                                  
                   C:\DATA\NEXTYEAR        50              -      
                  
          
          
          Do I Have Wasted Space in File Copies?
          
               Checking for file copies is literally a single keystroke away with
          SumDisk.  Since files are sorted by size, it's a simple matter to compare
          neighboring files for identical contents.
          
               SumDisk offers a quick (less than a second) estimate of file duplicates
          as well as a thorough (up to several minutes) procedure.  Once copies are
          highlighted, you can delete any files you wish.
          
               Note that SumDisk's duplicate searches are robust.  They respond to
          files' characteristics and contents rather than file names.  SumDisk can find
          duplicates anywhere on the drive (or two drives in version 2.11) and
          regardless of name.
          
          
          Where Are All My .DBF (.WK1, .DOC, etc.) Files?
          
               SumDisk's approach to a disk audit is global.  It doesn't look at only a
          single or a few directories.  It finds files in every directory.
          
               When combined with wildcards, this feature allows SumDisk to search for
          certain file groups throughout the drive.  For example, you can tell SumDisk
          to audit the entire disk but place only ".DBF" files in the Files list.  It
          will contain the full pathname and size of every .DBF file (memory
          permitting).  SumDisk allows up to five simultaneous wildcards.  You could,
          for example, generate a list of all files that match the following format: 
          *.DBF or *.WK1 or *.DOC or *.EXE or SUMDISK.*.
          
          



                                                                                      7
                                                                                      
          What Basic Information Is Available For My Drive?
          
               Although the casual user rarely needs it, SumDisk acquires basic drive
          data in order to do low-level auditing (giving fast results).  Details on
          sectors, clusters, the FAT, and the root directory are available when SumDisk
          establishes low-level access.  You can learn, for example, how many bytes
          your drive has in each sector; how many sectors are grouped into each
          cluster; how many clusters are on the drive; etc.
          
               The Miscellaneous Information option presents these numbers and several
          others to you, but don't worry if you don't understand all of them.  By the
          time you see them, SumDisk has already audited the disk.  Knowing all of
          these details about your drive is not needed to understand SumDisk's results.



                                                                                      8
                                                                                      
                                    A Fast Test Drive
          
          
               At this point, you may be itching to try out SumDisk.  Get ready,
          because the next section is going to lead you through a typical audit
          session.  In it you'll see how to generate a synopsis of your disk, find and
          reclaim wasted space, and output a listing of your disk's files and
          directories.  This sample session uses function key presses and mouse clicks
          because they are the fastest way to call on SumDisk's features.  However, all
          features are also available through the menus.
          
               While this test drive will teach you the basics of SumDisk, it doesn't
          mention everything that you might use in a less conventional audit.  To learn
          more about the power and flexibility of SumDisk, review the information
          available in the Help menu.  Better yet, finish reading this manual!
          
          
          Start-Up
          
               At the DOS command line prompt, type in the word "sumdisk" and press
          <Enter>.  (Note:  if you have version 2.11, you can audit two drives at once
          by typing, for example, "sumdisk c:,d:")  You will see SumDisk run through
          your directories, counting them as they pass by.  If your system memory is
          too small to handle all files, then you will see the Files list being
          truncated.  Once it has reviewed your entire drive, SumDisk will give a
          message in a small window.  In it you can see how nearly full your disk is
          and how many bytes remain free.  Hit any key and you'll see a display similar
          to this:
          
          
          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge            Directory                               Kb Space  
            
             C:\SENTRY                                  8300.0   
                                                                                         
                        C:\PCTOOLS\SYSTEM                          4566.0  
                                                                                         
                          C:\WP51                                    3886.0  
                                                                                         
                          C:\WINDOWS                                 3864.0  
                                                                                         
                           C:\PCTOOLS                                 3580.0  
                                                                                         
                            C:\123R3                                   3392.0  
                                                                                         
                              C:\SUE\FPRO                                2598.0  
                                                                                         
                               C:\POWERC                                  2438.0  
                                                                                         
                                C:\POWERC\PROGS                            2044.0  
                                                                                         
                                C:\FOXPRO                                  2002.0   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          

          

                                                                                      9
                                                                                      
               At the top of the screen are the four menu categories:  View, Options,
          Search, and Help.  All of SumDisk's audit features are available through one
          of these menus.  You can call on a menu either with a click of your mouse or
          with the proper keypress.  For example, you can get the View menu by pressing
          'V' or 'Alt-V'.
          
          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
           Ŀ 
              Directories       Shift-F1 ectory                               Kb Space  
           ĳ Primaries          Ctrl-F1  
            ۳ Files               Alt-F1 NTRY                                  8300.0   
              By Name/By Size         F2                                               
            ۳ Kb Space/Bytes/Disk %   F3 TOOLS\SYSTEM                          4566.0  
              Single/Double Spacing   F4                                               
            ۳ FUll Name/Size Gauge    F5 51                                    3886.0  
              Color Scheme            F9                                               
            ۳ EXit                 Alt-X NDOWS                                 3864.0  
                                                           
                           C:\PCTOOLS                                 3580.0  
                                                                                         
                            C:\123R3                                   3392.0  
                                                                                         
                              C:\SUE\FPRO                                2598.0  
                                                                                         
                               C:\POWERC                                  2438.0  
                                                                                         
                                C:\POWERC\PROGS                            2044.0  
                                                                                         
                                C:\FOXPRO                                  2002.0   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          
          
          
               At the bottom of the opening screen is an abstract of your drive,
          showing the number of directories, the number of primary directories, the
          number of files on the drive, and the number in the present list.
          
               SumDisk reports on your drive's directories in the center of the screen. 
          Its standard reporting format shows the directory name in the middle column,
          a measure of the space used in the right column, and a size gauge in the
          left.  The gauge is a bar that is sized proportional to the largest directory
          on the disk.
          
               Some users may be confused by the "Kb Space" column.  This gives the
          kilobytes of disk space and is an accurate measure of the total size of all
          files within the directory.  DOS assigns space to every file in increments of
          a cluster, which is one or more sectors.  SumDisk converts cluster values
          into kilobytes since it is more easily understood.  If you want to see a more
          familiar measure of a directory's size (although a little less accurate),
          press F3 to get the measurement in bytes instead.  Read Appendix B Bytes,
          Kilobytes, Sectors and Clusters for a more thorough discussion on disk space
          allocation.
          
               While it can be changed to suit your tastes (see Personalizing Your
          Audit), double-spaced directories is the default opening mode.  SumDisk
          reports on the largest 10 directories, and all smaller ones are lower in the



                                                                                     10
                                                                                     
          list, off the screen.  Press F4 to get 19 single-spaced directories at once. 
          To review smaller directories, use the cursor control keys in the usual ways
          (up and down arrows, <Page Up>, <Page Down>, and <End>).  Press <Home> to
          return to the top of the list.
          
          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge            Directory                                 Bytes   
            
             C:\SENTRY                                 8144560   
                        C:\PCTOOLS\SYSTEM                         4534677  
                          C:\WP51                                   3860611  
                          C:\WINDOWS                                3825586  
                           C:\PCTOOLS                                3600208  
                            C:\123R3                                  3319562  
                              C:\SUE\FPRO                               2638002  
                               C:\POWERC                                 2382007  
                                C:\POWERC\PROGS                           2020650  
                                C:\FOXPRO                                 2029036  
                                C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM                         1833113  
                                 C:\PROG                                   1718174  
                                 C:\BIN                                    1556596  
                                  C:\DOS                                    1381903  
                                  C:\FT3                                    1290024  
                                  C:\LEGAL2                                 1250994  
                                   C:\NEOPAINT                               1001548  
                                   C:\SUE\FP2                                 979614  
                                   C:\TESTS                                   916019   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          
          
               You can also use your mouse to move through the Directories list.  Click
          on the down arrow below the scroll bar on the right edge, and the list will
          scroll down rapidly.  Click above or below the slider box, and the list will
          scroll a screen at a time.
          
          Other Lists
          
               The Directories list contains an entry for every directory and
          subdirectory on the drive.  With this list you'll be able to see where your
          file space is concentrated.  This is the logical starting point for an in-
          depth audit.
          
               Press Ctrl-F1 to see the Primary Directories list.  This one has entries
          for only those directories in "root".  However, the size of all
          subdirectories beneath each primary is included in its total.
          
               Press Alt-F1 to get the Files list.  If you have a moderate number of
          files and adequate memory, most or all of the disk's files will be in the
          list.  If a memory shortage caused truncation of the Files list, you can coax
          SumDisk to provide a longer list (see Streamlining Your Audit).

          

                                                                                     11

          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge               Files                                  Bytes   
            
             C:\SUE\FPRO\ESHAFDS.PDB                   1325256   
                   C:\FOXPRO\FOXHELP.FPT                     1000714  
                     C:\POWERC\PROGS\POWERC.ZIP                 922243  
                     C:\123R3\123DOS.EXE                        911254  
                        C:\POWERC\INCLUDES.ZIP                     761301  
                          C:\WP51\WP.FIL                             617336  
                            C:\SENTRY\#A1B2D3U.CPS                     541696  
                            C:\GEMAPPS\CONVERT\HJD.EXE                 532426  
                            C:\FOXPRO\FOXPRO.OVL                       527632  
                            C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\WIN386.EXE               504440  
                             C:\WP51\WP.DRS                             490022  
                             C:\123R3\123.HLP                           457949  
                              C:\TESTS\DATASUM.ZIP                       415821  
                              C:\PCTOOLS\CPBACKUP.EXE                    412706  
                              C:\PCTOOLS\COMMUTE.EXE                     402891  
                               C:\PCTOOLS\SYSTEM\DESK.OVL                 371885  
                               C:\POWERC\PROGS\WIN...SOURCE\SOURCE.ZIP    363943  
                               C:\WP51\WP{WP}US.LEX                       363165  
                               C:\WP51\WPHP1.ALL                          359223   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          
          
          
          Fine-Tuning the Display
          
               DOS permits path names for files of up to 66 characters long.  Only 39
          characters will fit into the middle column of the default display, so SumDisk
          abbreviates long names and inserts three periods.  Press F5 to erase the size
          gauge, making room for full path names.

          

                                                                                     12

          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                                           Files                                  Bytes   
            
            C:\SUE\FPRO\ESHAFDS.PDB                                             1325256   
            C:\FOXPRO\FOXHELP.FPT                                               1000714  
            C:\POWERC\PROGS\POWERC.ZIP                                           922243  
            C:\123R3\123DOS.EXE                                                  911254  
            C:\POWERC\INCLUDES.ZIP                                               761301  
            C:\WP51\WP.FIL                                                       617336  
            C:\SENTRY\#A1B2D3U.CPS                                               541696  
            C:\GEMAPPS\CONVERT\HJD.EXE                                           532426  
            C:\FOXPRO\FOXPRO.OVL                                                 527632  
            C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\WIN386.EXE                                         504440  
            C:\WP51\WP.DRS                                                       490022  
            C:\123R3\123.HLP                                                     457949  
            C:\TESTS\DATASUM.ZIP                                                 415821  
            C:\PCTOOLS\CPBACKUP.EXE                                              412706  
            C:\PCTOOLS\COMMUTE.EXE                                               402891  
            C:\PCTOOLS\SYSTEM\DESK.OVL                                           371885  
            C:\POWERC\PROGS\WINDLIB\SOURCE\SOURCE.ZIP                            363943  
            C:\WP51\WP{WP}US.LEX                                                 363165  
            C:\WP51\WPHP1.ALL                                                    359223   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          
          
               The single-space function key acts as a toggle.  Press F4 again to
          display the Files list in double-space mode.  F5 toggles, too, so press it to
          regain the size gauge.
          
               Sorting disk element items by size is the normal way to pursue an audit
          since it helps you see where you're using the most space.  Occasionally
          you'll want to view a directory's files together.  To do that, press F2 to
          engage the by-name sort.

          

                                                                                     13

          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge               Files                                  Bytes   
            
                                     C:\ALGAE.DOC                                 4897   
                                                                                         
                                     C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT                               417  
                                                                                         
                                     C:\AUTOEXEC.DFX                               273  
                                                                                         
                                     C:\AUTOEXEC.ORI                               378  
                                                                                         
                                     C:\CHKLIST.CPS                                162  
                                                                                         
                                     C:\COMMAND.COM                              47845  
                                                                                         
                                     C:\CONFIG.BAK                                 183  
                                                                                         
                                     C:\CONFIG.CPS                                  96  
                                                                                         
                                     C:\CONFIG.OR2                                 240  
                                                                                         
                                     C:\CONFIG.ORI                                 130   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          
          
          
          Now press F2 again to revert to the by-size sort.
          
          
          File Duplicates and File Deletion
          
               Unknown file duplicates are nasty space-wasters.  Press Shift-F8 to
          smoke them out.  Since SumDisk will check each and every byte, this may take
          a while.
          
               After the process is finished, press Shift-F7 to locate the first
          duplicate file set.  Press it again to find the second, etc.  Each set is
          marked with a lowercase letter to the left of the size gauge.  Common letters
          at neighboring files means that they contain exactly the same information.
          
               Find a set in which you'd like to delete one copy.  If you have a mouse,
          place the cursor over the name of the file to delete and click with the right
          mouse button.  If you don't have a mouse, press Ctrl-D, move the highlight
          bar to the offending file, and press <Enter>.  The marking process does not
          delete the file; instead, it places a "D" on the left and denotes that it
          will be deleted if you invoke the "Delete Marked Files" menu option.  The
          list below shows one duplicate file set in which one file has been marked for
          deletion.

          

                                                                                     14

          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge               Files                                  Bytes   
            
           a                      C:\POWERC\PCWINM.MIX                       220361   
                                                                                         
          Da                      C:\POWERC\PROGS\WINDLIB\LIB\PCWINM.MIX     220361  
                                                                                         
                                  C:\LIB\LLIBFORE.LIB                        218541  
                                                                                         
                                  C:\POWERC\PROGS\WIN...DFL\DOCS\FORM.DOC    214888  
                                                                                         
                                  C:\WP51\WPHELP.FIL                         213854  
                                                                                         
                                  C:\WINDOWS\WRITE.EXE                       211168  
                                                                                         
                                  C:\STAR\DRIVERS\PUBPAINT.EXE               210944  
                                                                                         
                                  C:\BIN\F2.EXE                              210858  
                                                                                         
                                  C:\WINDOWS\SETUP.EXE                       207984  
                                                                                         
                                  C:\ALLOC\ALLO9293.ZIP                      204089   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          
          
          
          Producing Output
          
               It's easy to get any of the three lists (Directories, Primaries, and
          Files) stored in a disk file.  Press F10 to start the output process.
          
               SumDisk proposes that the Directories list file name be called
          SUMDISK.DIR.  Accept that by pressing <Enter>, and then press "S" to have it
          include only the by-size list.

          

                                                                                     15

          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge               Files                                  Bytes   
            
             C:\SUE\FPRO\ESHAFDS.PDB                   1325256   
                                                                                         
                   C:\FOXPRO\FOXHELP.FPT                     1000714  
                        ͻ             
            ۺ        Accept or Edit Default File Names              922243  
                                                                                       
            ۺ File for Directories List:  SUMDISK.DIR               911254  
                                                                                       
            ۺ                                                       761301  
                                                                                       
            ݺ  Approximate size of complete list file:  15400       617336  
                 ͻ                         
            ۺ        Select Full or Partial List         ͼ     541696  
                                                                                       
            ۺ        E                 532426  
                   By Size  By Name  Both                            
            ۺ                          527632  
                                                                                       
            ͼEXE               504440   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          
          
               Next, press <Esc> and <Enter> to bypass the Primaries list.  Accept the
          default Files list name of SUMDISK.FIL by pressing <Enter>.  Press "S" for
          only the by-size sorted list of files.  Finally, press "D" to produce a list
          of only those files marked as duplicates.
          
          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge               Files                                  Bytes   
            
             C:\SUE\FPRO\ESHAFDS.PDB                   1325256   
                                                                                         
                   C:\FOXPRO\FOXHELP.FPT                     1000714  
                        ͻ             
            ۺ        Accept or Edit Default File Names              922243  
                                                                                       
            ۺ File for Directories List:  SUMDISK.DIR  OK           911254  
                         File for Primary Dirs List:              Skipped              
            ۺ File for Files List:        SUMDISK.FIL               761301  
                                                                                       
            ݺ Approximate size of complete list file:  446600       617336  
                                    ͻ      
              ͺ    Select All Files or Only Duplicates     1696  
                                                                                       
                                   2426  
                                        All Files  Duplicates Only         
                                   7632  
                                                                                       
                           ͼ4440   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          

          
          
                                                                                     16

          Wrapping It Up
          
               You've just finished a quick audit of your disk, and you have a record
          of important items in the SUMDISK.DIR and SUMDISK.FIL files.  To leave
          SumDisk and return to DOS, press Alt-X.



                                                                                     17

                                     Running SumDisk
          
          
               In the previous section, you were led through a fairly straightforward
          audit.  It demonstrated the most commonly used SumDisk features, but there
          are others which you may need from time to time.  The present section goes
          into more detail and covers all features.
          
          Program Execution
          
               You can get a full audit of the present drive by simply typing in a
          single word at the DOS prompt:
          
                                             sumdisk
          
               While it allows no customization of the Files list, this is the typical
          way to generate an audit.  After reading the entire directory tree, it
          displays the percentage of disk space being used and the number of bytes
          remaining free.  It will produce three lists:  all directories and
          subdirectories, all primary directories, and the largest files.  The number
          of files in the Files list depends on memory availability.
          
               To select a specific drive, simply add the drive's name:
          
                                        sumdisk d:
          
               If you have version 2.11 of SumDisk, you can ask that two drives be
          audited together.  The three resulting lists combine directories and files
          from both.  Request two drives by separating their names with a comma:
          
                                        sumdisk c:,d:
          
          
          The Opening Screen
          
               The opening screen shows the largest 10 directories on the drive in a
          double-spaced list.  Above the list sits the menu bar, which offers View,
          Options, Search, and Help items.  At the bottom of the screen is a summary
          line telling the number of directories, primary directories, files on the
          drive, and files in the present list.  To the right of the directory items is
          a slider bar that shows the proportion of the entire list that is being
          displayed onscreen.

          

                                                                                     18

          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge            Directory                               Kb Space  
            
             C:\SENTRY                                  8300.0   
                                                                                         
                        C:\PCTOOLS\SYSTEM                          4566.0  
                                                                                         
                          C:\WP51                                    3886.0  
                                                                                         
                          C:\WINDOWS                                 3864.0  
                                                                                         
                           C:\PCTOOLS                                 3580.0  
                                                                                         
                            C:\123R3                                   3392.0  
                                                                                         
                              C:\SUE\FPRO                                2598.0  
                                                                                         
                               C:\POWERC                                  2438.0  
                                                                                         
                                C:\POWERC\PROGS                            2044.0  
                                                                                         
                                C:\FOXPRO                                  2002.0   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          
          
               The list itself contains three items:  the size gauge, the directory
          name, and kilobytes taken up by files within the directory.  Since SumDisk is
          presenting the directories sorted by size, the top directory has the largest
          size gauge.  Each directory below has a gauge that is proportional to it own
          size.
          
               SumDisk displays each directory's full pathname up to 39 characters in
          length.  Where a name is longer than 39 letters, three periods indicate an
          abbreviation.
          
          
          Viewing the Lists
          
               Cursor control keys navigate through the list in the expected ways.  Up
          and down arrows scroll the list one line at a time; <Page Up> and <Page Down>
          scroll a screen at a time; and <Home> and <End> reposition to the top and
          bottom of the list.
          
               If you have a mouse, you can click on the arrows on either end of the
          slider bar for very rapid single-line scrolling.  Clicking above or below the
          sliding box imitates the <Page Up> and <Page Down> keystrokes.  You can also
          click and drag the box to relocate anywhere within the list.
          
               SumDisk has four other viewing features that are available through both
          the View menu and a function key press.  All requests act as toggles, where
          additional selections revert to the original mode.
          
               Since SumDisk's typical use includes showing which directories and
               files use the most disk space, the default setup is a by-size sort. 
               Press F2 for a by-name sort.

          

                                                                                     19

               If you want more than 10 items displayed on the screen at once,
               press F4 to get single spacing.  This squeezes in 19 items instead
               of 10.
          
               Function key F5 forces the display of the full pathname of list
               items.  While this may be needed on very long item names, it takes
               up most of the line, so SumDisk makes space available by erasing
               the size gauge.
          
               On color systems, you can match your mood by choosing among six
               color schemes.  Pressing F9 bumps the scheme up to the next level.
          
          
          Getting to the Heart of It
          
               The above features simply help you customize how you view SumDisk's
          audit of your drive; they do little to manage what information is being
          shown.  Providing that information is the job of the controls below.  Through
          using these, you'll gain a full understanding of what's really on your disk.
          
          List Selection.  SumDisk audits your drive by compiling lists on all of your
          directories, your primary directories, and your files, but it will display
          only one list at a time.  In order to get the most out of your audit, you'll
          need to look at more than one list.  You can select different lists through
          the View menu or with modified F1 keystrokes, as follows:
          
                    Shift-F1  Directories list
                    Ctrl-F1   Primary Directories list
                    Alt-F1    Files list
          
          Size Units Selection.  The basic unit in which DOS allocates disk space is
          the cluster.  Depending on the size of the drive, DOS may define a cluster to
          be a single sector or several sectors combined.  Each cluster contains bytes
          of information and may hold empty space at the end, after the last
          information byte.
          
               Most users generally understand the concept of measuring file sizes in
          bytes since they are used in all of DOS's reports (such as the DIR command). 
          In order to better understand some of SumDisk's reports, though, you should
          be aware that the most accurate measure of a file's size is the number of
          clusters, not bytes.  Since most users are unfamiliar with clusters, SumDisk
          converts file and directory clusters to kilobytes.  In the SumDisk audit, you
          can view either bytes or kilobytes of space usage.  A third option, the
          percentage of overall disk space, is also available at a single keystroke. 
          Using the View menu or the F3 key, you can toggle among displaying a list
          item's size in any of the following measures:
          
                    Kilobytes of disk space
                    Bytes
                    Disk percent
          
               For an in-depth explanation of the way DOS allocates disk space, read
          Appendix B, Bytes, Kilobytes, Sectors, and Clusters.
          
          Mark Duplicate Files.  A very common source of wasted disk space is
          duplicated files.  They may be large or small, and they may be many or few,
          but nearly everyone has some.  SumDisk provides two independent ways to find
          duplicate file sets.  Both place a lowercase alphabetic character to the left



                                                                                     20

          of the item.  File neighbors which are duplicates share a common letter.
          
               The Quick Duplicates choice in the Options menu does an extremely fast
          scan of all items in the Files list and estimates which are duplicates.  It
          considers file size and the date and time of creation.  While not foolproof,
          this method gives immediate results and is usually correct.  Important
          exceptions are some small support files for many commercial packages.
          
          Ŀ
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge               Files                                Kb Space  
            
             C:\SUE\FPRO\ESHAFDS.PDB                    1296.0   
                                                                                         
                   C:\FOXPRO\FOXHELP.FPT                       978.0  
                        ͻ             
            ۺ       --QUICK-- CHECK FOR FILE DUPLICATES              902.0  
                                                                                       
            ۺ There are 116 PROBABLE sets of duplicate files.        890.0  
                         Use Exact Dupes (Shift-F8) for a thorough check.              
            ۺ                                                        744.0  
                             Review with Duplicate Search (Shift-F7)                   
            ݺ                                                        604.0  
                                         Hit any key                               
              ͼ      530.0  
                                                                                         
                            C:\GEMAPPS\CONVERT\HJD.EXE                  520.0  
                                                                                         
                            C:\FOXPRO\FOXPRO.OVL                        516.0  
                                                                                         
                            C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\WIN386.EXE                494.0   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2752   Files in List: 2752 
          
          
          
               Exact Duplicates takes much more time than Quick Duplicates, but its
          procedures are robust and accurate.  The amount of time to complete this
          option will vary by the number of files with the same byte count.  About a
          minute is a typical time, but SumDisk may need several minutes in extreme
          cases.
          
               Both procedures to find duplicate file sets rely on file characteristics
          rather than file names.  This means that you can depend on SumDisk's results
          to find wasted space.  To check for duplicates, use the Options menu or
          press:
          
                    F8        Quick Duplicates
                    Shift-F8  Exact Duplicates
          
               Note:  users of SumDisk 2.11 can use these features to locate duplicate
          files that are actually on two different drives!
          
          Find and Display a List Item.  You can navigate through short lists
          comfortably by using only the cursor control keys and the mouse/slider bar. 
          Long lists are less convenient.  Finding a single item in a list of hundreds
          or thousands is much easier if you use one of the search features.  All are



                                                                                     21

          available in the Search menu.
          
               You can search for a specific text string with the Name Search function. 
          It can be the full pathname of a directory or file, or it can be only a
          portion.  For example, if you are viewing the Files list, you can locate the
          next file in the DOS directory by requesting a search for "\DOS\".
          
               A Duplicate Search locates the next file marked as a member of a
          duplicate file set.  This is the fastest way to review files that SumDisk has
          identified as duplicates.
          
               A Delete Search locates the next file that you have marked to be
          deleted.  You can use this to review the marked files before you commit to
          the actual deletion.
          
               Repeat Search replicates the most recently requested search.  SumDisk
          remembers whether the last search was for a text string, a duplicate, or a
          file marked to delete.  Use this option to rapidly view items of interest in
          your present list.
          
                    F7        Name Search
                    Shift-F7  Duplicate Search
                    Ctrl-F7   Delete Search
                    Alt-F7    Repeat Search
          
          Output Lists.  You can see the entire results of SumDisk's audit by reviewing
          the lists onscreen.  In many cases, this is all you'll need.  However, for
          long lists or complicated situations, you may want to have a copy of the
          audit after you exit SumDisk.  Pressing the F10 key will summon the output
          option.  It is also available within the Options menu.
          
               The Directories, Primary Directories, and Files lists are maintained
          independently, and Output to File also keeps them separate.  Default file
          names are SUMDISK.DIR, SUMDISK.PRI, and SUMDISK.FIL.  Since you may not need
          a copy of all three lists, you can request each one individually.
          
               SumDisk will prompt you for a file name for each of the lists, and you
          can either accept the default, enter a different name, or decline a list by
          blanking out the default name.  (To quickly blank the entry, press <Esc>,
          then <Enter>.)  If you wish to print the list rather than place it in a file,
          type in your printer device name instead (e.g., PRN, LPT1, or COM1, etc.).
          
               This option can output only the by-size sorted list, only the by-name
          sort, or both.  Some files may be several hundred kilobytes in size!  Since
          you may be using SumDisk at a time when disk space is in short supply, the
          Output to File window supplies an estimate of the file size for each of the
          lists.  You may be forced to print a long file rather than store it to disk.

                                                                           

                                                                                     22

          Ŀ 
             View      Options   Search    Help                             SUMDISK 2.10  
            
                  Size Gauge               Files                                  Bytes   
            
             C:\SUE\FPRO\ESHAFDS.PDB                   1325256   
                                                                                         
                   C:\FOXPRO\FOXHELP.FPT                     1000714  
                        ͻ             
            ۺ        Accept or Edit Default File Names              922243  
                                                                                       
            ۺ File for Directories List:  SUMDISK.DIR  OK           911254  
                         File for Primary Dirs List:              Skipped              
            ۺ File for Files List:        SUMDISK.FIL               761301  
                                                                                       
            ݺ Approximate size of complete list file:  446600       617336  
                 ͻ                         
            ۺ        Select Full or Partial List         ͼ     541696  
                                                                                       
            ۺ        E                 532426  
                   By Size  By Name  Both                            
            ۺ                          527632  
                                                                                       
            ͼEXE               504440   
            
          Directories:   92   Primaries:  40   Files on Drive: 2754   Files in List: 2754 
          
                                                                     
          
               Unless restricted by a command line switch (i.e., /Files, /Include, or
          /Exclude), the Files output file is likely to be large.  You can minimize the
          output file size in two ways.  First, you can select either the by-size or
          the by-name sort as an output.  Second, you can request an output of only
          those files marked as duplicates.
          
          Show Miscellaneous Drive Information.  In case you forgot exactly how many
          bytes remain free on your drive, or the percentage saturation, pressing F6
          will give you a reminder.  It also dispenses detailed low-level information
          that, really, you probably don't need to know.  Miscellaneous Info divulges
          various measures and then justifies its saturation estimate with details on
          space usage.
          
               Where SumDisk established low-level access to the drive, this feature
          also provides some rather arcane information for the technically inclined
          user.  You can learn the size and absolute location of both the FAT and the
          root directory, and SumDisk also tells the maximum number of entries in the
          root.



                                                                                     23

                      Customizing an Audit from the Command Line
          
          
               Running SumDisk plain (by entering only "SUMDISK" at the DOS prompt)
          usually gives the most information and is a good general purpose drive audit. 
          When you want SumDisk to produce a more specific audit, you can employ one or
          more command line switches.  With the exception of the color scheme switch,
          they alter what is actually reported rather than how the report appears. 
          Most switches control what SumDisk will place in the Files list.
          
               Other than the drive request switch, all begin with one of two tokens. 
          Either a dash or a forward slash alerts SumDisk that a switch follows.  You
          can use either token, whichever is more convenient.  Immediately following
          the token is a unique letter that controls SumDisk's actions during the
          audit.  You can type in only that letter or, to aid in remembering the
          actions, a full word.  However, SumDisk needs only that first letter.  The
          list below shows how the program responds to command line switches in
          flexible formats.  All produce exactly the same results--Directory and
          Primary Directory lists but no Files list.
          
                    sumdisk /Directories
                    sumdisk -dir
                    sumdisk /d
                    sumdisk -D
          
          
          Selecting a Drive
          
               SumDisk peers into the full command line and interprets the entry
          without a dash or slash token as a drive name.  The command below produces an
          audit of drive C:.
          
                    sumdisk c:
          
               Users of SumDisk 2.11 can request two drives for simultaneous auditing. 
          Drives A: and B: will be audited with this command line:
          
                    sumdisk a:,b:
          
               Without a switch to explicitly request a drive, SumDisk audits the
          presently logged drive.
          
          
          Selecting a Color Scheme
          
               If you have a color monitor, you can select a color scheme different
          than the default.  SumDisk maintains a set of six schemes, and you can use
          the /c= switch to request a scheme by number.  The command below will cause
          SumDisk to display its screens in color scheme 3, mnemonically called
          Battleship.
          
                    sumdisk /c=3      (or sumdisk /color=3)
          
          The switch must call upon the color scheme by number rather than the
          suggested names below.  When SumDisk is displaying an audit list, you can
          toggle through the schemes by pressing F9 or accessing the View menu.  Below
          are the color scheme numbers and their mnemonics.

          

                                                                                     24

                    0    Mono (only one available for monochrome monitors)
                    1    Blueberry (default)
                    2    Cyan-ide
                    3    Battleship
                    4    Pumpkin
                    5    Holidays
          
          
          Producing Directory Lists Only
          
               Considering how much SumDisk processes during an audit, it's a fast
          program.  If you're an impatient person, though, you can pare off another few
          seconds by using the /Directories switch.  This generates only two lists
          instead of three--the Directories and the Primary Directories lists. 
          Invoking the /d switch speeds up the audit through bypassing the overhead
          required in placing files into a list.
          
                    sumdisk /d          (or sumdisk /directories)
          
          
          Limiting the Size of the Files List
          
               When computer memory is not limiting and you don't restrict the Files
          list by command line options, the Files list can be huge.  SumDisk permits a
          maximum of 3,000 entries.  All files are sorted by size, so those at the
          bottom of the list use only a tiny portion of your drive space.  In the same
          way as the /d switch above, the /files= switch can speed the audit as much as
          a few seconds.  In the process, it will restrict the Files list to the number
          of entries you choose.  The command below will produce a full audit of
          directories and primary directories, but the Files list will include only the
          largest 25 files on the drive.  Being the largest, they will also be the most
          important when you are trying to release disk space.
          
                    sumdisk /f=25       (or sumdisk /files=25)
          
          
          Specifying File Groups to Place into the Files List
          
               You may be interested in seeing only a certain group of files in the
          Files list.  For example, you might like to see only the executable files, or
          only the database files--or only the executables and the databases.  SumDisk
          allows a series of up to five comma-delimited 'include' wildcards to which
          all files will be compared.  Using the /include= switch, you can coerce the
          Files list into including only those files of interest.  The wildcard
          templates should adhere to normal DOS rules; that is, use only valid
          characters and the * and ? symbols.  Separate the wildcards by commas.  Do
          not separate the wildcards by blanks!  You can use only a single wildcard to
          produce a relatively short list, or you can use up to five to manufacture a
          sorted list, blending up to five groups.  For example, the command below will
          develop a Files list of Lotus-compatible worksheets and dBASE-compatible data
          bases.
          
                    sumdisk /i=*.wk?,*.dbf
          
          
          Specifying File Groups to Exclude from the Files List
          
               In a manner similar to the /i switch, you can exclude files from the



                                                                                     25

          Files list with the /exclude= switch.  In this case, you can use either /e=
          or the /x= variant.  They use a comma-delimited wildcard sequence identical
          to the /i switch's.  The command below prevents the inclusion of any
          executable, batch, or CONFIG.* files.
          
                    sumdisk /e=*.exe,*.bat,config.*
                                  or
                    sumdisk /x=*.exe,*.bat,config.*
          
          
          Fine-Tuning a Files List by Combining /Include & /Exclude
          
               The /i switch places files into the Files list only if they match one of
          five 'include' wildcards; the /e switch filters out any that match one of
          five 'exclude' wildcards.  SumDisk maintains these two wildcard sequences
          separately, and their effects are additive.
          
               You can use both /i and /e switches to restrict the Files list to a very
          select group.  In the following example,
          
                    sumdisk  /i=*.doc,*.dbf,*.wk1  /e=junk*.*,trash*.*
          
          the Files list will include all files with extensions of '.doc', '.dbf', or
          '.wk1' except those beginning with 'junk' or 'trash'.  Files JUNK.DOC,
          TRASH.WK1, JUNK1292.DBF, etc., will not appear in the list.
          
          
          Bypassing Low-level Access to Disk
          
               Programs can interact with DOS's filing system on a high level or a low,
          more detailed, level.  SumDisk tries to access a drive on a low level because
          it gives two advantages:  speed and full accounting of space used.  When
          SumDisk reads drive information rather than asking DOS to do it, several
          seconds of overhead are saved.  It also extracts a measure of the space taken
          up by the directories themselves.  In the Directories list, this space is
          given in the "Directory Structure" entry.
          
               Some nonstandard drives (especially network drives) may not permit low-
          level access, and in such cases SumDisk shifts automatically to high-level
          access.  This slows the audit slightly, eliminates the Directory Structure
          entry, and prevents knowing several numbers in the Miscellaneous Info screen.
          
               That's the bad news.  The good news is that some memory is released. 
          When using low-level access, SumDisk has to store the entire FAT (file
          allocation table) and root directory in memory.  If you use the /Skiplow
          switch, you can force SumDisk to conserve that amount of memory so it can be
          used to store more files in the Files list.
          
               Use the /s switch when your computer's memory does not allow you to
          develop a Files list as long as you'd like.  Also give it a try on finicky,
          nonstandard drives.  The below command maximizes the number of files in the
          Files list.
          
                    sumdisk /s          (or sumdisk /skiplow)



                                                                                     26

                                Miscellaneous Functions
          
          
          File Viewing
          
               While reviewing your Files list, you may wish you could see what is
          really inside some of those files you don't remember.  SumDisk has a simple
          file viewer to help you.
          
               The simplest, most straightforward way to view a file is to simply click
          on its name with the left mouse button.  If you don't have a mouse, use the
          'Pick File to View' item from the Options menu (also available directly with
          Ctrl-V).  Place the highlight bar over the file name and press <Enter>.
          
          
          Ŀ  
                                          C:\STACEY\ALGAE                                
                                                                                         
                  HOW DOES THE pH LEVEL AFFECT THE GROWTH OF ALGAE?                      
                                                                                          
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
               Algae, also known as "pond scum", is one of the five major                
                                                                                         
          classes of plants.  Like all plants, they make their own food,                 
                                                                                         
          receiving carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.  Algae can live in              
                                                                                         
          very hot or very cold climates.  They live in fresh and salt water             
                                                                                         
          and in moist soils.  Some have been found in fossils estimated to              
                                                                                         
          be over three billion years old.                                               
                                                                                         
               There are various kinds, shapes and colors of algae.  Green               
                                                                                         
          algae is thought to be the ancestor of green land plants.  There               
                                                                                         
          are also blue-green, brown, red and golden algae.  Some that live              
                                                                                         
                                  [ Next Screen ]      [ Cancel ]                   16%  
          
          
          
          File Deletion
          
               SumDisk's primary purpose is to help you identify where you can recoup
          some disk space.  This translates into deleting files.  SumDisk is friendly
          enough to let you delete them while reviewing the audit results.
          
               You can mark the file you wish to delete by using your mouse, the
          Options menu, or pressing Ctrl-D.  With a mouse, merely clicking on a Files
          list entry with the right mouse button will tag the file.  SumDisk will
          highlight the entry and place a 'D' on the left edge.  If you change your
          mind, clicking on it again will toggle it back to non-marked status.  The
          'Mark/Unmark to Delete' menu item (also available directly with Ctrl-D)
          supplies a highlight bar which you can move to the file to mark.  Once over
          the file name, press <Enter> to mark it.  Unmark it with the same procedure.

          

                                                                                     27

               If you mark several, you may want to review the list of marked files. 
          Go to the top of the list by pressing <Home> and then press Ctrl-F7
          repeatedly to see each file marked to delete.
          
               Once you're satisfied that you really do want to delete the files in the
          list, select 'Delete Marked Files' from the Options menu.  SumDisk will ask
          you to confirm your request.  The program will warn you if you're trying to
          delete read-only files.
          
          
          'Help' Information
          
               Most computer users are of the work-now-read-later variety.  This manual
          offers the other type, the read-before-you-work user, the chance to get all
          available details on SumDisk.  You're making an investment into getting the
          best use from your program.
          
               The larger group of impatient users can still run SumDisk and notice the
          Help menu item at the top of the screen.  Selecting a topic within the Help
          list will access SumDisk's help file, which is a simple text file that needs
          to be placed in a directory within your path.  The help file's name is
          SUMDISK.HLP.
          
               This file offers basic support for running SumDisk, and gives details on
          command line options and function key usage.  It's not as thorough as this
          manual, but it does serve as a good reminder when you need some quick and
          brief information.
          
          
          Excluding the Largest File from the Files List
          
               Just like the Directories and Primary Directories lists, the Files list
          is sorted by size.  The largest file is at the top, and its size gauge is
          full-length.  Other files have gauges that are roughly proportional to their
          size in kilobytes.
          
               Occasionally, a drive's largest file is overwhelmingly larger than the
          next file in the list.  In this case, the size gauge's resolution is fairly
          coarse-grained, and it may not give a good reading on the relative sizes of,
          say, the second and third files on the list.  You can get a more refined
          picture of the file sizes in the list by excluding the largest file.  The
          Options menu offers this feature, and Ctrl-X is the keyboard shortcut.
          
               Once the largest file is excluded, the new largest file is the previous
          second largest.  SumDisk will automatically update size gauges by keying on
          the new largest file's size.  Now the size gauges have a finer resolution and
          offer a more easily understood size comparison between files.
          
               Note that this procedure does not delete the largest file from the disk-
          -it simply removes it from the list.  This has the same effect as the
          following command line option:
          
                    sumdisk /exclude=largest file's name



                                                                                     28

                                Streamlining Your Audit
          
          
          How SumDisk Handles Your System's Memory
          
               In developing your drive's audit, SumDisk uses conventional memory (that
          below the 640-kilobyte limit) heavily.  The more conventional memory you have
          available, the more thorough will be SumDisk's reporting.
          
               SumDisk begins by trying to establish low-level access to the drive. 
          This speeds up the audit and permits a complete accounting of each cluster. 
          Once SumDisk gains low-level access, it copies the FAT (file allocation
          table) and root directory into memory.  The FAT's size depends on the number
          of clusters on the drive, and it can be substantial.  (To discover
          information on your drive's clusters, use Miscellaneous Info from the Options
          menu.)  The maximum size for the FAT is about 130,000 bytes.  The actual size
          is almost always two bytes per cluster.
          
               As SumDisk encounters a file or a new directory during the audit
          process, it creates a packet of descriptive information and places it into
          memory.  The packets coexist in the conventional memory space alongside the
          FAT and root directory.  After reviewing the entire drive, the program sorts
          all these packets into the Directories, Primary Directories, and Files lists.
          
                 SumDisk always produces Directories and Primary Directories lists. 
          The Files list is optional and can vary in level of reporting--and the amount
          of memory required (refer to Customizing an Audit from the Command Line:  the
          /Files, /Include, and /Exclude switches).  When memory is limiting, SumDisk
          dynamically truncates the Files list as needed to supply memory for
          Directories and Primary Directories lists.
          
          
          Making the Most of Your System's Memory
          
          Skip Low-level Access.  Memory dedicated to storing the FAT is unavailable
          for other purposes and may prevent developing complete lists.  Since SumDisk
          insists on completing the Directories and Primary Directories lists, a memory
          shortage results in a truncated Files list.  Using the /Skiplow switch, you
          can maximize the size of the Files list by refusing the placement of the FAT
          into memory.  Note:  If for any reason SumDisk can not establish low-level
          access, the program defaults to Skiplow mode.
          
                    sumdisk /s
          
          Use the /Files Command Line Switch.  When SumDisk begins an audit, it has no
          idea how many directories and files it will find.  As a default, it sets
          aside enough memory to handle a Files list of up to 3,000 entries.  The size
          of this memory overhead is 24,000 bytes.  If SumDisk runs out of memory
          before it reaches the 3,000th file, it dynamically truncates the Files list,
          but the overhead memory is unchanged.
          
               Unless available memory is extremely restricted, the length of the
          truncated Files list will probably be enough for your use.  If, however, you
          need to squeeze as many files as possible into it, add some to the number of
          files in the truncated Files list and enter that value with a /files switch
          in a second SumDisk execution.  This releases the overhead memory at a rate
          of 8 bytes for each file entry below the 3,000 default.

          

                                                                                     29

               For example, if SumDisk produced an audit with a truncated Files list
          containing 1,500 entries, run SumDisk again as follows:
          
                    sumdisk /f=2000
          
          This will supply 8,000 additional bytes ((3000-2000) * 8) in which SumDisk
          can place additional file entries.  The new Files list will almost certainly
          contain much more than 1,500 entries.
          
          Skip the Files List.  The Files list will always be the longest and most
          memory-demanding of SumDisk's lists.  If your drive has an unusually large
          number of directories (i.e., at least several hundred) and an unusually small
          amount of available memory, it's possible that SumDisk won't be able to
          complete lists even of the directories.
          
               If you use the /Directories switch on the command line, the program will
          not produce a Files list.  Since this releases several thousand bytes of
          Files list overhead, it may permit completion of the Directories and Primary
          Directories lists under conditions of extreme memory shortage.
          
                    sumdisk /d



                                                                                     30

                               Personalizing Your Audit
          
          
          Setting Up a Default Audit Configuration
          
               Several components of SumDisk's reporting are flexible and can be
          controlled by command-line switches or function key/menu selections.  The
          program assumes some default settings for these items, but these may not be
          best for you.
          
               For example, you may not be interested in seeing the Directories list. 
          Instead, you may want to go directly to the Files list, and you may prefer
          the 19 lines per screen available with single spacing.  Using SumDisk's
          defaults, you can get to a single-spaced Files list by pressing Alt-F1 and
          F4.  However, by accessing Change Default Configuration in the Options menu,
          you can personalize the display appearance and have SumDisk go directly to
          the single-spaced Files list without your intervention.
          
               The Setup Configuration window will let you modify SumDisk's default
          settings on several items.  In every audit afterwards (unless overridden with
          command-line switches), SumDisk will follow your personal settings.  Below
          are the items which you can configure, shown with SumDisk's defaults.
          
                   Ŀ
                      Configuration Item                 Initial Default  
                   Ĵ
                    Color scheme                         1 ("Blueberry")  
                                                                          
                    Unit of measuring space              Kilobytes        
                                                                          
                    Disk element list                    Directories      
                                                                          
                    Line spacing                         Double           
                                                                          
                    Option to skip low-level access      Not selected     
                                                                          
                    Maximum entries in Files list        3000             
                   
          
          
          Developing Very Specific Files Lists
          
               When you develop a drive audit with SumDisk, you may wish to view
          information on only a small group of files.  Reviewing them in a Files list
          with up to 3,000 entries can be cumbersome.  You can control the files that
          SumDisk will place into the list by using the /include switch or the /exclude
          switch ... or both.
          
               These two switches maintain separate lists of up to five DOS-style
          wildcards.  You can, for example, develop a Files list with only files whose
          names begin with DAY1, DAY2, DAY3, DAY4, or DAY5 by entering the following:
          
                    sumdisk /i=day1*.*,day2*.*,day3*.*,day4*.*,day5*.*
          
               Alternatively, you can exclude files matching any of up to five
          wildcards.  The following will exclude .ZIP and .ARC files from the Files
          list:
          
                    sumdisk /e=*.zip,*.arc

          

                                                                                     31

               Since the /include and /exclude switches work cooperatively, you can
          develop some fairly sophisticated Files lists.  With this entry, SumDisk will
          produce a list of .TXT, .DOC, .DBF, and .WK1 files, but none starting with
          BOB or BILL:
          
                    sumdisk  /i=*.txt,*.doc,*.dbf,*.wk1  /e=bob*.*,bill*.*



                                                                                     32

                      Appendix A.  Using the Keyboard in SumDisk
          
          
               Features available through SumDisk's menus let you explore audit
          details, change the presentation format, and get audit output.  You can
          access all menus with the keyboard or with a mouse.
          
               'V' or Alt-V   Call upon the View menu.  The menu controls which list is
                              being shown and the choice of formats.
               'O' or Alt-O   Call upon the Options menu.  This menu offers detailed
                              drive information, file duplicate checking, file viewing
                              and deletion, default configuration, and list output.
               'S' or Alt-S   Call upon the Search menu.  Enables searching for text,
                              file duplicates, and files marked to delete.
               'H' or Alt-H   Call upon the Help menu.  The menu offers information on
                              several topics.
          
          
               Nearly all of the menu functions are also accessible via function keys
          and control-key combinations.  For the periodic user, using the menus is the
          easiest way to work within SumDisk.  The frequent user can save a little time
          and effort by skipping the menus and going straight to the function/control
          keys.  The table below is an exhaustive list of function key and control key
          uses.
          
               F1        Call upon the Help menu.  Same as Alt-H.
               Shift-F1  Display the list of all directories and subdirectories.
               Ctrl-F1   Display the list of primary directories.  These are the
                         directories within root, and each one's size includes itself
                         and all of its subdirectories.
               Alt-F1    Display the list of files (if available).
               F2        Toggle between displaying the present list sorted by size and
                         by name.
               F3        Toggle between displaying the size of the list elements in
                         kilobytes of space, bytes, and disk percent.
               F4        Toggle between displaying the list in double and single
                         spacing.
               F5        Toggle between displaying the list elements with abbreviated
                         names and a size gauge, and full names but without a size
                         gauge.
               F6        Provide miscellaneous low-level information about the drive. 
                         It includes details on the logical disk structure (sector and
                         cluster sizes, FAT and root directory addresses) and on disk
                         usage.
               F7        Search for a text string or substring within the present list.
               Shift-F7  Search for the next duplicate file set.
               Ctrl-F7   Search for the next file marked to be deleted.
               Alt-F7    Repeat the most recent search request.
               F8        Mark files as probable duplicates by comparing the file size,
                         time, and date.  This procedure is rapid but imperfect.
               Shift-F8  Mark files as verified duplicates by doing a byte-by-byte
                         comparison.
               F9        Increment the color scheme number by one (values range from 0
                         to 5).  Ignore this if using a monochrome monitor.
               F10       Output one or more of the audit lists to file(s) or a printer.
          
               Ctrl-D    Mark/unmark a file for deletion.
               Ctrl-V    View a file.
               Ctrl-X    Exclude the largest file from the Files list.



                                                                                     33

                  Appendix B.  Bytes, Kilobytes, Sectors and Clusters
          
          
               Bytes are the smallest unit of computer measure that users often
          reference.  File sizes are often described in terms of bytes; memory in kilo-
          bytes; and hard disk space in mega-bytes.  A single byte is able to store a
          single letter of the alphabet or, as a number, values from 0 to 255.  The
          phrase "I see you!" requires 10 bytes for storage (including blanks and the
          exclamation point).
          
               Remember that computers at their lowest level are binary animals,
          working with only two values--zeroes and ones.  Because of this, measures
          larger than bytes are done with powers of the number two.  While the prefix
          "kilo" indicates 1,000 anywhere else, the computer discipline defines a
          kilobyte (KB) as approximately 1,000 bytes.  It's 1,024 exactly--two to the
          tenth power.  Likewise, a megabyte is approximately a million bytes--two to
          the twentieth power.
          
               DOS, the Disk Operating System, doesn't keep tabs on every byte.  There
          are too many for that.  Rather, DOS lumps several into a single unit that it
          does monitor--the sector.  A DOS sector is almost universally 512 bytes,
          whether on a hard or a floppy disk.  While DOS's DIR command gives the
          illusion that file space is measured in bytes, DOS never allocates space that
          way.  Instead, it really assigns space to a file in much larger chunks.
          
               To DOS, a sector is an indivisible object.  Two files may never share a
          single sector.  Take the case of two files, A and B, that are 10 and 20 bytes
          long.  When DOS writes A's data to disk, it writes only 10 bytes.  The
          remaining 502 bytes in the sector are untouched.  Now it's time to write file
          B.  There's plenty of space available in A's sector, but DOS will assign B to
          a sector all its own.  In this way, two files of slightly different sizes can
          actually take up exactly the same amount of disk space!
          
               When DOS manages file space, it handles up to 64 kilo "chunks" (64K is
          two to the sixteenth power).  Many hard drives contain more than 64K sectors,
          so DOS actually deals with clusters when allocating file space.  A cluster is
          a loosely defined measure that contains one or more sectors grouped as a
          single unit.  The 1.44 MB floppy disk has clusters of exactly one sector (512
          bytes), while most hard disks of moderate size use clusters of four sectors
          (2,048 bytes, or 2.0 KB).  This difference in cluster size leads to a
          curiosity:  file A on a floppy disk takes less space than the same file on a
          hard drive!
          
               Rather than confuse you with varying sizes of clusters, SumDisk
          automatically converts clusters to kilobytes, a consistent and absolute
          measure.  You can use Miscellaneous Info (press the F6 key) to learn the size
          of your cluster.  Notice that file or directory lists being measured in Kb
          Space, SumDisk's default mode, have entries with multiples of a cluster's
          size.
