                                           
                                           
                                           
                                           
                                GLOSSARY

   
   This Glossary is designed to help the reader in two sorts of 
   situations:  (1) when encountering a Pali term in this book in a 
   passage where it is not explained; and (2) when encountering Vinaya 
   terminology in other books or conversations and wanting to know how 
   it is defined and/or where it is discussed here.  For terms that 
   have entire chapters devoted to them -- such as //nissaya// and 
   //pacittiya// -- see the relevant chapter.
   
   
   //Acariya//:  teacher.  See Chapter Two and Appendix VIII.
   //Acittaka//:  a class of offenses carrying a penalty even when 
       committed unintentionally or with incorrect perception.
   //Adhitthana//:  determining for use.  See NP 1, 3, 21, & 24 
       and Appendix IV.
   //Akkosa-vatthu//:  a topic for abuse.  See Pacittiyas 2 & 3.
   //Anupasampanna//:  anyone who has not received full 
       ordination.  With some rules, this includes bhikkhunis; with 
       others, it doesn't.
   //Apalokana//:  declaration; the simplest form for a formal act 
       of the Community, in which a decision is proposed to the 
       Community in the announcer's own words.  
   //Bhattuddesaka//:  the Community official in charge of meal 
       distribution.  See Pacittiya 32 and Appendix III.
   //Bhikkhu//:  a male mendicant ordained in the Bhikkhu Sangha, 
       subject to the training rules of the Bhikkhu Patimokkha and 
       the Khandhakas (the Mahavagga and Cullavagga).
   //Bhikkhuni//:  a female mendicant ordained by both the 
       Bhikkhuni and the Bhikkhu Sanghas, subject to the training 
       rules of the Bhikkhuni Patimokkha and the eight vows of 
       respect (//garu-dhamma//).  See Pacittiya 21.
   //Bhojaniya//:  staple food.  See the introduction to the Food 
       Chapter in Chapter Eight.
   //Bhutagama//:  a living plant in its place.  See Pacittiya 11.
   //Bijagama//:  a plant or part of a plant removed from its 
       place but capable of growing again if replanted.  See 
       Pacittiya 11.
   //Chanda//:  consent by proxy.  See Pacittiya 79.
   //Deva (devata)//:  literally, a "shining one" -- a celestial 
       being.
   //Dubbhasita//:  wrong speech.  See Pacittiya 2.
   //Dukkata//:  wrong doing, the lightest penalty.
   //Garu-bhanda//:  a heavy article.  Garu-bhanda belonging to 
       the Sangha includes monasteries and monastery land; 
       dwellings, land on which dwellings are built; furnishings 
       such as couches, chairs, and mattresses; metal vessels and 
       tools; building materials, except for such things as rushes, 
       reeds, grass, and clay; and articles made of pottery or 
       wood.  See Parajika 2, Sanghadisesa 6, and Pacittiya 81.
   //Garu-dhamma//:  a vow of respect mandatory for all 
       bhikkhunis.  See Pacittiya 21.
   //Hatthapasa//:  a distance of 2 1/2 cubits, or 1.25 meters.
   //Jhana//:  mental absorption.  See Parajika 4.
   //Kappiya-vohara//:  a proper expression, i.e., a way of 
       expressing a hint or desire allowable in the context of a 
       rule where an outright command would be a breach of the 
       rule.
   //Kathina//:  a ceremony, held in the fourth month of the rainy 
       season, in which a Community of bhikkhus receives a gift of 
       cloth from lay people, bestows it on one of their members, 
       and then makes it into a robe before dawn of the following 
       day.  See NP 1-3 and Pacittiya 81.
   //Khadaniya//:  non-staple food.  See the introduction to the 
       Food Chapter in Chapter Eight.
   //Lahu-bhanda//:  a light article.  Lahu-bhanda of the Sangha 
       includes such things as cloth, food, and medicine; small 
       personal accessories such as scissors, sandals, and water 
       strainers; and light building materials, such as rushes, 
       reeds, grass, and clay.  See Parajika 2, Sanghadisesa 6, and 
       Pacittiya 81.
   //Leddupata//:  the distance a man of average height can toss a 
       clod of dirt underarm -- approximately 6 meters.
   //Loka-vajja//:  acts criticized by people in general.  See 
       Chapter One.
   //Lokuttara-dhamma//:  a transcendent state.  See Parajika 4.
   //Mahapadesa//:  Great Standard for deciding what is and is not 
       in line with the Dhamma and Vinaya.  See Chapter One.
   //Manatta//:  penance.  See the conclusion to Chapter Five.
   //Naga//:  a special kind of serpent, classed as a common 
       animal but having magical powers, including the ability to 
       assume human appearance.  Nagas have long been regarded as  
       protectors of the Buddha's teachings.
   //Natti-kamma//:  a form for a formal act of the Community in 
       which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion 
       following a set wording.
   //Natti-dutiya-kamma//:  a form for a formal act of the 
       Community in which a decision is proposed to the Community 
       in a motion and one announcement.
   //Natti-catuttha-kamma//:  a form for a formal act of the 
       Community in which a decision is proposed to the Community 
       in a motion and three announcements.
   //Niyasa-kamma//:  a stripping of status (also called 
       //nissaya-kamma//, an act of dependence) -- a formal act 
       whereby a bhikkhu released from dependence is required to 
       return to dependence under a mentor until he mends his ways.  
       See Chapter Two.
   //Pabbajaniya-kamma//:  an act of banishment whereby a bhikkhu 
       is denied membership in a particular Community until he 
       mends his ways.  See Sanghadisesa 13.
   //Pabbajja//:  going forth -- ordination as a samanera.
   //Paccuddharana//:  rescinding from use.  See Appendix IV.
   //Palibodha//:  commitment.  See NP 1.
   //Pana//:   juice drink.  See the introduction to the Food 
       Chapter in Chapter Eight, and Pacittiya 38.
   //Pandaka//:  a man sexually deviant or deformed.  See 
       Sanghadisesa 2.
   //Pannatti-vajja//:  acts criticized by the training rules.  
       See Chapter One.
   //Parivasa//:  probation.  See the conclusion to Chapter Five.
   //Pavarana//:  (1) an invitation whereby a donor gives 
       permission to a bhikkhu or a Community of bhikkhus to ask 
       for requisites. See Pacittiya 47.  (2) a ceremony, held at 
       the end of the Rains Retreat (see //vassa//), in which each 
       bhikkhu invites the rest of the Community to inform him of 
       any transgressions they may have seen, heard, or suspected 
       that he has committed. 
   //Peta//:  a hungry shade -- one of a class of beings in the 
       lower realms, sometimes capable of appearing to human 
       beings.
   //Pubbayoga//:  a preliminary effort leading up to the 
       commission of an offense.
   //Sacittaka//:  a class of offenses that carry a penalty only 
       when committed intentionally and with correct perception.
   //Samana//:  contemplative.  This word is derived from the 
       adjective //sama//, which means "in tune" or "in harmony."  
       The samanas in ancient India were wanderers who tried 
       through direct contemplation to find the true nature of 
       reality -- as opposed to the conventions taught in the Vedas 
       -- and to live in tune or in harmony with that reality.  
       Buddhism is one of several samana movements.  Others 
       included Jainism, Ajivakan fatalism, and Lokayata, or 
       hedonism.
   //Samanera//:  literally, a small samana -- a novice monk 
       observing ten precepts.  See Pacittiya 70.
   //Sangha//:  Community.  This may refer to the entire Community 
       of bhikkhus or bhikkhunis, or to the Community living in a 
       particular location.  In this book I have tried to 
       distinguish between the two by calling the first //Sangha//, 
       and the second //Community//, but there are some contexts 
       where it is difficult to draw a clear line between the two.
   //Sangha-bheda//:  a schism in the Sangha.  See Sanghadisesas 
       10 & 11. 
   //Sangha-raji//:  a crack in the Sangha.  See Sanghadisesa 10.
   //Sima//:  boundary or territory related to the performance of 
       formal acts of the Community.  See Pacittiya 79.
   //Sugata//:  Well-gone, an epithet for the Buddha.  Sugata 
       measures are discussed in Appendix II.
   //Sutta (suttanta)//:  discourse.
   //Tajjaniya-kamma//:  an act of censure, whereby a Community 
       may strip a bhikkhu of some of his communal rights if he is 
       a maker of strife, if he refuses to see or confess an 
       offense he admits to having committed, or if he criticizes 
       the Buddha, Dhamma, or Sangha.  If he mends his ways, the 
       act can be repealed.  See Sanghadisesa 8, Aniyata 1, and 
       Chapter Eleven.
   //Thullaccaya//:  grave offense, the most serious derived 
       offense.
   //Tiracchana-katha//:  "animal talk," topics of conversation 
       inappropriate for bhikkhus.  See Pacittiyas 46 & 85
   //Tiracchana-vijja//:  "bestial/animal knowledge," occult 
       abilities inappropriate for bhikkhus to practice.  See 
       Parajika 4 and the Samannaphala Suttanta.
   //Ukkhepaniya-kamma//:  an act of suspension, whereby a 
       Community may deprive a bhikkhu of his right to associate 
       with the Sangha as a whole until he mends his ways.  See 
       Pacittiyas 68 & 69.
   //Upajjhaya//:  preceptor.  See Chapter Two and Appendix VIII.
   //Upasampada//:  acceptance -- full ordination as a bhikkhu or 
       bhikkhuni.
   //Uposatha//:  Observance day, the day of the new and of the 
       full moon; traditionally, in India, a time of special 
       spiritual practices.  The Buddha adopted this as the day for 
       reciting the Patimokkha.
   //Vassa//:  Rains Retreat -- a three-month period, generally 
       beginning the day after the full moon in July (or the 
       second, if there are two), during which certain restrictions 
       are placed on the bhikkhus' wanderings; usually considered a 
       time to accelerate one's efforts in study or practice.
   //Vikappana//:  an arrangement whereby an item not in use is 
       placed under shared ownership.  See NP 1, Pacittiya 59, and 
       Appendix V.
   //Vissasa//:  trust between friends.  See Parajika 2 and 
       Pacittiya 59.
   //Yakkha//:  one of a special class of powerful "non-human" 
       beings -- sometimes kindly, sometimes murderous and cruel -- 
       corresponding roughly to the fairies and ogres of Western 
       fairy tales.  The female (//yakkhini//) is generally 
       considered more treacherous than the male.
   //Yojana//:  a league -- a distance of ten miles or sixteen 
       kilometers.  
   
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