GAKUSEI
Japanese language tutorial
version 1.0
Copyright (C) 1992  Barham Software.  All rights reserved.
Portions copyright LifeBoat Software.
Portions copyright Pete I. Kvitek.
Portions copyright Pacific Data Works.
Demo II is a trademark of LifeBoat Software.
Dan Bricklin's is a registered trademark of Daniel Bricklin.

************************************************************************
***                                                                  ***
*** THIS FILE IS A SIMPLE ASCII VERSION OF THE GAKUSEI USER'S GUIDE. ***
*** REGISTERED USERS WILL RECEIVE A BEAUTIFULLY FORMATTED            ***
*** AND INDEXED VERSION.  (Or, print the file GAKUSEI.DOC            ***
*** if you have Microsoft Word for Windows 2.0.)                     ***
***                                                                  ***
************************************************************************


We welcome your suggestions!  Please send any questions or comments to:

Barham Software
15507 S. Normandie Ave. #245
Gardena, CA 90247-4028

CompuServe:  70700,2225
Internet:  70700.2225@CompuServe.com
Phone:  USA: 1-800-RAN-EASY (1-800-726-3279)
	outside USA: 1-310-327-4862

Gakusei is implemented by:  Susan J. Barretta and  Bruce A. Hamilton

        -1-

DISCLAIMER - AGREEMENT

Users of Gakusei  must accept this disclaimer of warranty: 
"Gakusei is supplied as is.  Barham Software (the author) 
disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including, without 
limitation, the warranties of merchantability and of fitness for any 
purpose. The author assumes no liability for damages, direct or 
consequential, which may result from the use of Gakusei ."

Gakusei is a "shareware program" and is provided at no charge 
to the user for evaluation.  Feel free to share it with your friends, 
but please do not give it away altered or as part of another 
system.  The essence of "user-supported" software is to provide 
personal computer users with quality software without high 
prices, and yet to provide incentive for programmers to continue 
to develop new products.  If you find this program useful and find 
that you are using Gakusei  and continue to use Gakusei  after a 
reasonable trial period, you must make a registration payment of 
$40 to Barham Software.  You will be sent additional lessons 
when your payment is received.

The $40 registration fee will license one copy for use on any one 
computer at any one time.  You must treat this software just like 
a book.  An example is that this software may be used by any 
number of people and may be freely moved from one computer 
location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it being 
used at one location while it's being used at another; just as a 
book cannot be read by two different persons at the same time.

Commercial users of Gakusei must register and pay for their 
copies of Gakusei within 30 days of first use or their license is 
withdrawn.  Site-License arrangements may be made by 
contacting Barham Software.

Anyone distributing Gakusei for any kind of remuneration must 
first contact Barham Software at the address above for 
authorization. This authorization will be automatically granted to 
distributors recognized by the Association of Shareware 
Professionals (ASP) as adhering to its guidelines for shareware 
distributors, and such distributors may begin offering Gakusei 
immediately.  (However, Barham Software must still be advised 
so that the distributor can be kept up-to-date with the latest 
version of Gakusei .)

You are encouraged to pass a demonstration copy of Gakusei 
along to your friends for evaluation.  Please encourage them to 
register their copy if they find that they can use it.  All registered 
users will receive a copy of the latest version of the Gakusei 
system.

        -2-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.  INTRODUCTION        4
2.  SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 7
3.  INSTALLATION        8
4.  STARTING THE TUTORIAL       9
5.  BROWSER     10
6.  LESSONS     12
7.  EXERCISES   15
8.  DICTIONARY  19
9.  LESSON GLOSSARY     23
10. JAPANESE KEYBOARD   24
11.  PRINTING   25
12.  EXITING THE TUTORIAL       29
13.  CUSTOMIZING THE SYLLABUS   30
14.  TROUBLESHOOTING    31
15.  PLANNED FIXES AND UPGRADES IN FUTURE RELEASES      35
16.  PRODUCT INFORMATION AND REGISTRATION       36
Appendix A:  TEXTBOOK COMPATIBILITY CHART       38
Appendix B:  PRINTER COMPATIBILITY CHART        41
Appendix C: SYLLABUS    42
GAKUSEI PRODUCT REGISTRATION FORM (cut out and mail)    43

        -3-

1.  INTRODUCTION

Gakusei is a Japanese language tutorial for the 
IBM PC.  It is designed to help serious Japanese 
language students master the grammar and usage 
typically taught in a first-year college-level 
language course.  

In contrast to other Japanese computer-based 
learning systems which present lessons as 
"situations", Gakusei presents grammatical 
patterns and makes them easy to find through 
extensive cross referencing.  You should be able 
to quickly locate them in the tutorial, learn to use 
them, then get on with the business of learning the 
subtleties and nuances of Japanese language and  
culture which cannot so easily be reduced to such 
simple "formulas".  

A student who uses this product will become 
familiar with reading Hiragana and Katakana 
display and using the Hiragana and Katakana 
keyboards.  Rather than select a numbered choice 
to a question in the exercises, the student can 
respond to a question by typing Japanese 
characters.

Gakusei is supposed to save you time.  If you 
can't remember the potential form of "kuru" and 
can't find it in your textbook, don't waste time 
searching for that elusive example.  Use the 
Gakusei dictionary to expand "kuru" for you.  Do 
you need help with a difficult sentence pattern?  
Browse the lessons or search the lesson glossary 
to find the references to Gakusei lessons that can 
show you examples.

Gakusei is designed to be expandable, so more 
lessons can be added.

Last but not least, Gakusei is intended to be 
affordable!  The ability to type, view, and print 
Japanese characters need not cost hundreds of 
dollars. You do NOT need a keyboard specially 
labeled with Japanese characters, or a CD-ROM 
drive, or an adapter board, or a color VGA 
monitor, or even a laser printer.  Gakusei is 
designed to run on relatively inexpensive PC 
hardware.  For further details, see section 2, 
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS.

        -4-

There are many things that Gakusei cannot do.  It 
cannot replace your Japanese language teacher 
or class. It is not a Japanese word processor and 
it does not provide automatic sentence translation.  
It does not use dazzling audio-visual sound 
effects. It does not teach stroke order for 
characters or teach Kanji; to do so would mean to 
add a graphics capability at considerable time and 
expense.  (We anticipate the addition of text-sized 
reading and printing Kanji starting in the second 
lesson set we produce. ) The print quality of the 
fonts is not intended to match that of professional 
desktop publishing systems.  Gakusei does not 
provide extensive historical, cultural, or 
geographical information on Japan, except where 
it is needed, for example, in teaching the verbs of 
giving and receiving, or in teaching the various 
ways of referring to family members, depending on 
whether they are your own family members or 
somebody else's family members. 

And finally, Gakusei is not intended to be 
complete.  Gakusei is a new product and if you 
use it and find you like it, it will grow!

FEATURE SUMMARY 

Think of Gakusei as a reference book living on 
your computer.  When you first run Gakusei, you 
come up in the Browser.  The Browser serves as a 
table of contents to the Lessons.  Each lesson 
contains several screens covering a particular 
grammatical topic.  At the end of each lesson is an 
Exercise  to review the material just taught.  From 
within the lessons and exercises, you can access 
the Dictionary  to look up translations of both 
Japanese and English words, and the Lesson 
Glossary  to look up any grammatical topic 
covered in Gakusei.   By viewing the answer box 
in the exercises, students can compare their 
exercise responses against the tutorial answers. 

In addition to these "book" properties, Gakusei 
contains online help, Hiragana and Katakana 
syllabary reference screens and keyboard layout 
screens, and a print utility which lets you print 
lesson and exercise pages with Japanese 
characters.

        -5-

ROMANIZED JAPANESE

Gakusei uses the conventions listed below in its 
presentation of Romanized Japanese.  These 
conventions may differ from those of your textbook 
or dictionary:

Long vowels are represented with doubled 
vowels.  Some learning aids use a long 
bar over a vowel to represent a long 
vowel. 

The syllables starting with t are spelled as 
ta, chi, tsu, te to.  Some learning aids use 
ta, ti, tu, te, to.

The syllables starting with s are spelled as 
sa, shi, su, se, so.  Some learning aids 
use sa, si, su, se, so.

The syllables starting with r are spelled as 
ra, ri, ru, re, ro.  Some learning aids use 
la, li, lu, le, lo. 

KEYBOARD LAYOUT

The Hiragana and Katakana keyboard layouts are 
designed to match as closely as possible the 
keyboard layouts on Japanese word processing 
equipment.  

You should note that the character for "mu" is 
located on the += (plus, equal) key on the upper 
right corner of the main keyboard. "-" for Katakana 
long vowels is located on the :; (colon, semicolon) 
key.  For further information, read the section 
KEYBOARD.

        -6-

2.  SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Your IBM PC or compatible needs a minimum of 
640 KB of memory, a hard disk with 1 Mb 
available, and a monochrome display with an EGA 
adapter or VGA /SVGA display and adapter.  DOS 
3.3 or later must be installed.  If you have a CGA 
adapter, this product is NOT compatible.  If you 
have a color VGA, great!  VGA users will see color 
highlights here and there where monochrome 
users cannot. The product was originally designed 
for monochrome display; a little bit of color was 
added in places where it might be useful.

If you want to print lesson or exercise screens with 
Japanese characters, you will need an Epson LQ 
or compatible dot matrix printer with sufficient 
memory, or an HPLJ or compatible laser printer.  
Gakusei assumes that your printer is on port 
LPT1, which is the configuration on most PCs.  
Most dot matrix printer models require add-on 
RAM memory in order to be able to handle the 
Japanese character font that is downloaded to the 
printer.  Please read section 14, 
TROUBLESHOOTING/Problems with Printing, 
section 11, PRINTING,  and APPENDIX A: 
PRINTER COMPATIBILITY CHART, for more 
details on printing hardware.  

You can run Gakusei from Microsoft Windows in 
DOS full-screen mode.   The only difference in 
operation is that in order to print a screen, using 
the PrintScreen key is not sufficient.  You must 
use the Shift-PrintScreen key combination to 
successfully print a screen. 

        -7-

3.  INSTALLATION

Gakusei installation will create a directory 
C:\GAKUSEI, if doesn't already exist.  If the 
directory already exists, all files in the directory 
beforehand will be deleted and new files will be 
installed.  If you have your own modified files in 
C:\GAKUSEI that you want to save, copy them to 
a diskette or other directory before you start 
installation!

Insert the installation diskette in the appropriate 
diskette drive, then switch to that drive by typing 
the drive letter followed by a colon(:).

If you inserted the installation diskette into drive 
A:, type

 C:\>       A:				
	(switch to the A drive)

 A:\>       install				
	(start installation from the A drive)

If you inserted the installation diskette into drive 
B:, type

C:\>	B:				
	(switch to the B drive)

B:\>	install				
	(start installation from the B drive)

Most (but not all) PCs and compatibles address 
their 5.25" diskette drives as the A: drives, and 
their 3.5" diskette drives as the B: drives.   
Fortunately, the installation diskette size does not 
depend on the installation drive letter, so if your 
drives are reversed, you should still be able to 
install Gakusei from an installation diskette of 
either size. 

You must run installation from the disk drive into 
which you inserted the installation disk.  If you try 
running the installation directly from the hard disk, 
(C:\>  A:install ) you may see the following error 
messages:

	Bad command or file name
	File not found

Proper installation will create the directory 
C:\GAKUSEI if it does not exist.  If an older 
version of Gakusei is already installed, the older 
files will automatically be overwritten.  Installation 
will load all of the tutorial files into this directory.
If you have a printer, you should read section 11, 
PRINTING, before you proceed with starting the 
tutorial.

        -8-

4.  STARTING THE TUTORIAL

From the command line, type the following:

C:\>                  	 cd gakusei
C:\gakusei> 	 gakusei

 As Gakusei starts, you will see a copyright notice 
by Sage Software, Inc. for Dan Bricklin Demo II. 
(Demo II is now a product of  LifeBoat Software.)  
This screen mentions the ability to abort the 
program by typing CTRL-Break.  Ignore this 
possibility.  If you exit Gakusei with CTRL-Break, 
your computer's memory will be left fragmented, 
and you may have to reboot in order to run 
another large application. The only way you should 
exit Gakusei is to  follow the on screen prompts of 
ESC, then END.

When you see the Sage copyright notice, press 
the Enter key.

The screen will go blank for a moment as the 
tutorial initializes.  The first screen you will then 
see is:

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 
|                                                                           | 
|_  ____    ___  _____  _____  _   _   ___   _  __   __   ___   _____  _____|
|_  _   _  __ __ _      _      _   _  __ __  _  _ ___ _  __ __  _      _    |
|_  _____  _   _ _____  _____  _____  _   _  _  _  _  _  _   _  _____  ___  |
|_  _  _   _____     _      _  _   _  _____  _  _     _  _____      _  _    |
|_  _  __  _   _ _____  _____  _   _  _   _  _  _     _  _   _  _____  _____|
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
|                          WELCOME TO....                                   |
|                                                                           |
|      +-----    +-----+                      +-----    +------             |
|      |         |     |   |   /   |      |   |         |          |        |
|      |   ----  |-----|   |  /    |      |   +-----+   +----      |        |
|      |     |   |     |   |  \    |      |         |   |          |        |
|      +-----+   |     |   |   \   +------+    -----+   +------    |        |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
|                     YOUR JAPANESE LANGUAGE TUTORIAL                       |
|                                                                           |
|                          Press ENTER to begin...                          |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                         Figure 1.  Welcome screen

"Irasshaimase" is a polite Japanese expression that means, "Welcome!"
When you press the Enter key, the next screen you will see is the browser.

        -9-

5.  BROWSER

The browser serves as a table of contents to the 
lessons.  A lesson is invoked by choosing it in the 
browser.

The lesson browser is a tool created for the 
student's convenience.  The data file that it reads, 
"syllabus", is designed to be modified with an 
ordinary text editor and printed.  See section 13, 
CUSTOMIZING THE SYLLABUS.

EXAMINING THE LESSON CHOICES

After the browser has initialized, the lesson that 
you see on the first line is either the very first 
lesson in the syllabus, or the last lesson that you 
viewed.  If you are running Gakusei for the first 
time, it will not have any previous "memory" of the 
lesson that you most recently viewed, so the 
browser starts with the first lesson listed in the 
syllabus.   For subsequent uses, Gakusei will 
record a "bookmark" so that you will not have to 
scroll down a list of lessons each time you use the 
browser.

The Down-Arrow key will scroll the lessons 
forward and the Up-Arrow key will scroll the 
lessons backward.   

CHOOSING A LESSON

The Enter key will select the lesson that is on the 
first line of the browser.  The first line is marked on 
the right end by two left arrows.  When you have 
your lesson of choice positioned on the first line, 
marked by two left arrows at the right end of the 
line, you can start that lesson by pressing the 
Enter key.  You may invoke lessons in any order 
and as many times as you want.  The shareware 
version comes with the first  6 lessons.

Gakusei will "remember" the most recent lesson 
that you read or completed.  Whenever you return 
to the browser from a lesson, or exit and restart 
Gakusei, the browser will position the lesson you 
last read on the lesson selection line.

CONFIGURING YOUR PRINTER

If you wish to check your printer configuration, 
press Shift-F7, then ESC  or F7 to leave the 
configuration screen.  If you have just installed 
Gakusei and you are running Gakusei for the first 
time, now is a good time to set the configuration of 
your printer.  See section 11, PRINTING.

        -10-

INITIALIZING YOUR PRINTER

To initialize your printer for Japanese character 
printing, press F7.  If your printer is not yet 
configured, the printer configuration menu will 
appear where you must choose a printer type.  
See section 11, PRINTING.

PRINTING THE SYLLABUS

To get a printed copy of the syllabus which you 
see in the browser, turn on your printer, and on 
the computer keyboard, press F6.  On some 
computers, if there are printer drivers loaded 
before starting Gakusei, a conflict may prevent the 
syllabus from properly printing.  If this is the case 
on your system, you can get a printed copy of the 
syllabus by exiting Gakusei back to DOS and 
using DOS print or DOS copy to print the file 
"syllabus".

	C:\> 	 cd c:\gakusei
	C:\> 	 copy syllabus lpt1

EXAMINING THE LESSON GLOSSARY

From the browser you can view the lesson 
glossary.  Press the F3 key to view the glossary.  
Press F3 again or ESC when done.

LEAVING THE BROWSER

The ESC key will pop up the exit window.  When 
the exit window is open, pressing the End key will 
make the tutorial return to DOS.


                              LESSON BROWSER
 Lesson  Lesson
 Number  Topic
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   1   Introduction to Hiragana I.                                       < < |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   2   Introduction to Hiragana II.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   3   Introduction to Katakana I.                                           |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   4   Introduction to Katakana II.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   5   Copula desu, dewa arimasen, desu ka.                                  |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   6   Major, minor, irregular verb categories.  Dictionary forms.           |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   7   Nominal demonstratives for things.  kore, sore, are.                  |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                                         ^  Page Forward             INPUT
F1 HELP   ENTER Select Lesson            V  Page Backward           Roomaji

                     Figure 2.  Browser screen

        -11-

6.  LESSONS

Gakusei lessons are narrow in scope, limited to 
one new concept if possible.  A single chapter in a 
textbook, on the other hand, may introduce six or 
more new concepts.

Lesson order can be modified in the syllabus to 
match the presentation in a classroom textbook.  
See section 13, CUSTOMIZING THE SYLLABUS.

Lessons 1 and 2 introduce Hiragana, and lessons 
3 and 4 introduce Katakana.  Lesson 5 starts 
basic grammar with the introduction of the copula 
DESU.  The lessons use a mixture of Roomaji and 
Hiragana/Katakana in its presentations.

If you are running the shareware version of this 
product, you have the first six lessons.

When you see a lesson that is of interest to you, 
position the lesson so that it appears on the first 
line of the browser, which has the two left arrows 
on the right end of the line.  When you press the 
Enter key, you will start the lesson.

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|LESSON 5                  <A> WA <B> DESU                            PAGE 8|
|                                                                           |
|                       <A> WA <B> DEWA ARIMASEN                            |
|                                                                           |
|                         <A> WA <B> DESU KA?                               |
|                                          |                                |
|                                          |                                |
|                                          |                                |
|                                         +---------------------------+     |
|                                         | KA turns the sentence into|     |
|                                         | a question of the form    |     |
|                                         |     <B> IS <A>?     or    |     |
|                                         |      IS <B> <A>?          |     |
|                                         +---------------------------+     |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                     INPUT |
|F1 HELP  ESC QUIT  BACKSPACE view previous page ENTER to continue   Roomaji|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                         Figure 3. Sample Lesson Page

Notice that this typical lesson page has indications 
for the lesson number in the upper left corner, the 
lesson subject in the top center, and the lesson 
page number at the upper right.  In addition, there 
are indications at the bottom of the screen for 
help, quit, next activity, and the character input 
mode.

        -12-

Some lessons run short animation sequences.  In 
those brief time intervals during which the 
animations run, key presses will be ignored.

HELP

When you press F1, a help screen appears.  The 
help screen contains a condensed version of the 
information in this document.  The help screen 
disappears when you press F1 again or ESC.

GO TO BEGINNING OF LESSON

From any page in the lesson, you can return to the 
beginning of that lesson by pressing Home.

GO TO END OF LESSON

From any page in the lesson, you can skip to the 
end of the lesson by pressing End.

VIEW NEXT PAGE

To view the next page of a lesson, or see the next 
part of an animation, press Enter or Page Down.

VIEW PREVIOUS PAGE

To view the previous page of a lesson, press 
Backspace or Page Up.

USE DICTIONARY

You can access the dictionary by pressing F2.  
When you are done with the dictionary and want to 
return to the lesson, press F2 again.

VIEW LESSON GLOSSARY

Press F3 to view the lesson glossary.  Use Page 
Up key to page ahead in the lesson glossary; use 
Page Down key to page backwards.  Press F3 
again or ESC to leave the lesson glossary and 
return to the lesson.

VIEW SYLLABARY CHARTS

Press F4 to view the Hiragana and Katakana 
charts.  Page through the charts using Enter or 
Page Down.  Press F4 again or ESC to turn off 
the syllabary help charts and resume the lesson.

CONFIGURE OR INITIALIZE PRINTER

To review the existing printer configuration, press 
Shift-F7.  If the printer is already configured, turn 
on the printer, then on the computer keyboard, 
press F7 to initialize it.  See section 11, 
PRINTING.

        -13-

SKIP TO EXERCISE

If you don't want to read the lesson, but just skip 
ahead to the exercise, press the End key, then 
Enter.

END OF THE LESSON

The last page or last two pages will summarize the 
concepts presented in the lesson and any 
vocabulary that was introduced.  A "LAST PAGE" 
indicator blinks in the upper right corner of the 
display to indicate that the lesson is complete.  
When you are viewing the lesson page with the 
"LAST PAGE" indicator, you will start an exercise 
when you next press the Enter key.  Once you 
start the exercise, you cannot return directly to the 
lesson.

LEAVE THE LESSON

You may leave the lesson at any time by pressing 
the ESC key, then End key.  When you leave the 
lesson you will return to the browser.

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|LESSON 5                     LESSON SUMMARY                        PAGE 21 |
|                                                                           |
|               You have learned the basic usage of the Copula     LAST PAGE|
|               DESU in simple sentence predicates.  In addition,           |
|               you have learned the following words:                       |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                           |
|+-----------------------+  +-------------+   +----------------------------+|
||                       |  |  ADJECTIVE  |   |    NOMINAL DEMONSTRATIVE   ||
||        NOUNS          |  |             |   |                            ||
||                       |  |   shiroi    |   |           kore             ||
||   jisho gakkoo uchi   |  |             |   |                            ||
||                       |  +-------------+   +----------------------------+|
||  chuugakkoo jidoosha  |  +----------------------------+    +-----------+ |
||                       |  |                            |    |           | |
||     gakusei hon       |  |      POSTPOSITIONS         |    |  PRONOUN  | |
||                       |  |                            |    |           | |
|+-----------------------+  |           wa ka            |    |  watashi  | |
|                           |                            |    |           | |
|                           +----------------------------+    +-----------+ |
|                                                                           |
|                Hit the ENTER key to start an exercise:                    |
|                                                                           |
|                                                                     INPUT |
|F1 HELP  ESC QUIT  BACKSPACE view previous page  ENTER to continue  Roomaji|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
			Figure 4. Sample Lesson Summary

        -14-

7.  EXERCISES

An exercise is started when you've reached the 
last page of a lesson and you press the Enter key 
again.  Once an exercise is started, you cannot go 
directly back to the lesson.  To go back to the 
lesson, you would leave the exercise, and choose 
the lesson again from the browser.

The exercises are short drills designed to give you 
vocabulary and grammar practice and allow you to 
practice using the Hiragana and Katakana 
keyboards.  They are designed to reinforce what 
was in the lesson. 

Currently there is no feature to save exercise work 
to file and reload it at a later time.  When you 
leave the exercise, your work is not saved.
   
Typically, a 'multiple-character-mode' exercise will 
have you type responses in Roomaji in the first 
column; in the second column you will need to use 
F10 to select Hiragana or Katakana mode.

A highlight bar will appear on the display where 
the exercise expects input.   A highlight bar will 
remain on any field that you typed in or passed 
over.  A new highlight bar will appear wherever 
you advance the active input field.  

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| TEST 6        Given a verb ending, fill in the STEM of the          Page 3|
|               minor verb that will match the meaning that is              |
|               indicated.  Then type the entire verb form in               |
|               Hiragana.  Use F5 to view the keyboard picture.             |
|                                                                           |
|   example:                                     Use Hiragana input here    |
|                                                                     |     |
|   while eating           tabenagara                       <---------+     |
|                                                                           |
|   let's borrow           ____mashoo            ___________                |
|   please look at         __te kudasai          ___________                |
|                                                                           |
|   while seeing           __nagara              ___________                |
|   open it                ___nasai              ___________                |
|                                                                           |
|   to close               _____ru               ___________                |
|   to rent                ____ru                ___________                |
|                                                                           |
|   do not eat             ____nai               ___________                |
|   able to open           ___rareru             ___________  F10 Input Mode|
|                                                                           |
|                                                LAST ITEM            INPUT |
|F1 HELP  ESC QUIT  F4 SYLLABARY  F5 KEYBOARD   F8   ANSWER         Hiragana|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
			Figure 5. Sample Exercise Screen

        -15-

HELP

When you press F1, a help screen appears.  The 
help screen contains a condensed version of the 
information in this document.  The help screen 
disappears when you press F1 again or ESC.

EXERCISE EDITING OPERATIONS

MOVE TO NEXT FILL-IN QUESTION

Press the Enter key or Tab key to advance 
to the next fill-in question.  As you keep 
hitting an advance key, the exercise will 
automatically move the cursor to the 
beginning of the next question. 

After you fill in the last exercise field on a 
page, pressing Enter will turn to the next 
page in the exercise.  When you have 
reached the last field in the exercise and 
press Enter again, you will hear a 'thud'.

MOVE TO NEXT PAGE OF EXERCISE

If  you have advanced to the last question on 
a page, press Enter to move to the next 
page.

MOVE TO TOP OF EXERCISE PAGE

If you have advanced to the last question on 
a page, press Tab to circle back to the top of 
the same page.

MOVE TO PREVIOUS FILL-IN QUESTION

If you find that you made a mistake in a 
previous question, type Shift-Tab to move 
back one question.  Press Shift-Tab 
repeatedly and you will backspace through 
the fields.  As you Shift-Tab through the 
fields that you filled in, you will notice that the 
highlight bars turn off.  They will reappear 
when you Enter or Tab over the fields again.  
Your input is not altered until you move to a 
field, erase your input with BackSpace and 
retype it.  Your input is not lost until you leave 
the exercise and return to the Browser.

MOVE TO PREVIOUS EXERCISE PAGE

 If you type Shift-Tab at the top of an 
exercise page, you will return to the previous 
page in the exercise.  If you Shift-Tab all the 
way back to the first field on the first page, 
then type Shift-Tab again, you will hear a 
'thud'. 

        -16-

PREVIEW / REVIEW EXERCISE PAGE

You can peek ahead to the next page of the 
exercise by pressing the PageDown key, and 
you can review the previous page of the 
exercise by pressing the PageUp key.  These 
two keys do NOT move the active input field; 
to move the active input field you must use 
the Enter and Shift-Tab keys.  A warning will 
blink on the screen if you are viewing a page 
that is different from the page where you last 
typed input.  If you press the PageDown key 
and hear a 'thud', this means you have 
reached the last page of that exercise.  If you 
press the PageUp key and hear the 'thud', 
you have reached the first page.

VIEW ANSWER

You can check your answer against the 
tutorial answer by pressing the F8 key.  The 
answer box that pops open will contain an 
appropriate response to the current question 
(the question at which you are typing input).   
Close the answer box by pressing F8 again 
or by pressing ESC.   If you move along to 
another question, the answer box does NOT 
automatically update itself.  You must 
'refresh' the answer box by closing it, then 
reopening it.

CHANGE INPUT CHARACTER SET

The F10 key toggles the input mode between 
Roomaji, Hiragana, and Katakana in all parts 
of the tutorial. You should leave the tutorial in 
"Roomaji" mode unless an exercise 
specifically asks for Hiragana or Katakana 
input. 

USE DICTIONARY

You can access the dictionary by pressing F2.  
When you are done with the dictionary and want to 
return to the exercise, press F2 again.

VIEW LESSON GLOSSARY

Press F3 to view the lesson glossary.  Use Page 
Up key to page ahead in the lesson glossary; use 
Page Down key to page backwards.  Press F3 
again or ESC to leave the lesson glossary and 
return to the exercise.

        -17-

VIEW SYLLABARY CHARTS

Press F4 to view the Hiragana and Katakana 
charts.  Page through the charts using Enter or 
Page Down.  Press F4 again or ESC to turn off 
the charts and resume the exercise.

VIEW KEYBOARD SCREENS

Press F5 to view the screens.  Page through the 
charts using Enter or Page Down.  Press F5 
again or ESC to turn off the charts and resume the 
exercise.

CONFIGURE OR INITIALIZE PRINTER

To review the existing printer configuration, press 
Shift-F7.  If the printer is already configured, turn 
on the printer, then press F7 to initialize it.   See 
section 11, PRINTING.

EXIT EXERCISE

Press ESC for the Exit Window.  The exit window 
that pops up will say to press the End key to exit 
back to the browser.  If you do not want to leave 
the exercise at this point, press ESC again to 
resume the exercise. If you want printed copies of 
your work, be sure and print them out before you 
leave the exercise.  The exercise will exit back to 
the lesson browser.  If you forgot to reset the input 
mode back to 'Roomaji', a reminder window will 
appear on the browser screen, and you can reset 
it in the browser.

        -18-

8.  DICTIONARY

The dictionary is a very powerful, timesaving tool.  
The dictionary can look up words and conjugate 
verbs and true adjectives.  The search word must 
be in dictionary form.

With the look up feature, the search word that you 
enter can be either Japanese or English.  You can 
enter the Japanese word in either Roomaji or in 
Hiragana (assuming that the word has been stored 
in the dictionary with its Hiragana spelling).  With 
the conjugate feature you can view a matched 
verb or adjective in many forms which use those 
conjugations.  You can even view the conjugations 
of irregular verbs such as kuru and -suru.

The dictionary will display up to eighteen words 
that match your search word.

CONVENTIONS USED IN THE DICTIONARY

Search words that have been found will appear in 
the 'match' area of the display.  Starting from the 
left side of the display, a match record will list the 
Japanese word in Roomaji, the word in Hiragana, 
the English meaning, and the part of speech to 
which the word belongs.  These parts of speech 
are listed here with how they are indicated in the 
match area.

    Noun                                    		Noun 
    True Adjective                          		True Adjective 
    Adjectival Noun                         		Adjectival Noun
    Non-conjugating Verbs (-iru, -eru)      		Minor Vb
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -tsu        		Major Vb 1 - TSU
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -u          		Major Vb 1 - U
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -ru         		Major Vb 1- RU
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -nu,-mu,-bu 		Major Vb 2 - /N/M/BU
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -ku         		Major Vb 3 - KU
    Conjugating Verb -iku with irregular -TE form	Major Vb 3 Irr -TE 
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -gu         		Major Vb 4 - GU
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -su         		Major Vb 5 - SU
    Chinese (suru) Verb                     		Irreg Verb SURU
    kuru                                    		Irreg Verb KURU

Past tense forms of verbs listed in the verb 
conjugations are interchangably indicated with 
PAST and PERFECT.  Present tense verbs are 
interchangably indicated with PRESENT and 
IMPERFECT.

Affirmative forms of verbs listed in the 
conjugations are interchangably indicated with A , 
AFF, and AFFIRMATIVE.  Negative verbs are 
interchangably indicated with N, NEG, and 
NEGATIVE.

        -19-

Many Chinese, or SURU verbs, can optionally be 
represented with a direct object relational between 
the noun portion and the SURU portion.    The 
convention used in Gakusei is to not use the 
direct object representation.  

   benkyoo o suru    Do not use this 
form of the SURU verb for searching.

   benkyoo suru      Use this form of 
the SURU verb for searching.     

ACCESSING AND LEAVING THE DICTIONARY

You can access the dictionary from any lesson or 
exercise by pressing the F2 key.  When you are 
finished with the dictionary, return to your lesson 
or exercise by pressing F2 again.  

HELP

When you press F1, a help screen appears.  The 
help screen contains a condensed version of the 
information in this section.  The help screen 
disappears when you press F1 again or ESC.

CONFIGURE OR INITIALIZE PRINTER

To review the existing printer configuration, press 
Shift-F7.  If the printer is already configured, turn 
on the printer, then press F7 to initialize it.  See 
section 11, PRINTING.

FINDING A WORD

The small bar near the top of the dictionary screen 
is where your search word is entered and 
displayed.  You will see a blinking cursor next to 
Word: on this word bar.  You can now enter your 
search word.  When you press Enter, the 
dictionary searches for matches.  When it finds 
any matches, the dictionary shows the matches in 
the match area  as shown:

			Word:  read
yomu                 to read          	
		Major Vb 2 -/N/M/BU     

If there is more than 1 match for the word, the first 
match will be highlighted and the other matches 
will appear beneath it.  The tutorial will display a 
maximum of 18 matches in the match area.  If 
more than 18 matches are found, Gakusei will 
display the first 18 and display the message

     More than 18 matches were found.  
     Please restrict your search.

appearing immediately below the search word 
field.

        -20-

CHOOSING A WORD

To choose a word, use the Up- and Down-Arrow 
keys to scroll among the matches.   Figure 6 
shows a dictionary match area with "kaeru" as the 
search word.  (The Hiragana is not shown in the 
match records.)

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                           |
|                   Word:  kaeru                                            |
|                                                                           |
| kaeru        to change, convert, alter       Minor Vb                     |
|                                                                           |
| kaeru        to return home, go back         Major Vb 1 -RU               |
|                                                                           |
| kaeru        frog                            Noun                         |
|                                                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
          Figure 6. Dictionary Returned Multiple Matches


After you have scrolled to your match choice, 
press Enter.

EXPANDING A WORD

After you have chosen a dictionary match with the 
Enter key, use the Enter or Page Down key to 
view the conjugation of the word.

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| yomu                  to read                         Major Vb 2 -/N/M/BU |
|                                                                           |
|                     Word: yomu                                            |
|                                                                           |
|                     USAGES OF DICTIONARY FORM                             |
|                                                                           |
|  INTENTIONAL IMPERFECT              INTENTIONAL PERFECT                   |
|                                                                           |
|A yomu tsumori desu                  yomu tsumori deshita                  |
|N yomu tsumori dewa arimasen         yomu tsumori dewa arimasen deshita    |
|                                                                           |
|  POTENTIAL IMPERFECT                POTENTIAL PERFECT                     |
|                                                                           |
|A yomu koto ga dekimasu              yomu koto ga dekimashita              |
|N yomu koto ga dekimasen             yomu koto ga dekimasen deshita        |
|                                                                           |
|  AFF EXPECTATION IMPERFECT  AFF EXPECTATION PERFECT      IN ORDER TO      |
|                                                                           |
|  yomu hazu desu             yomu hazu deshita            yomu tame ni     |
|                                                                           |
|  NARA AFF CONDITIONAL       SECONDHAND INFO              PROBABLE FUTURE  |
|                                                                           |
|  yomu nara                  yomu soo desu                yomu deshoo      |
|                                                                    INPUT  |
|F1 HELP F2 Return to lesson Page Up, Page Down Conjugate Selection  Roomaji|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
          Figure 7. Dictionary Form of Verb Expansion

        -21-

STOPPING A WORD EXPANSION

When you are finished viewing the word 
expansion, press ESC once to clear the expansion 
from the display.  The dictionary screen then 
shows the dictionary matches for your last search 
request.  You can scroll and choose another 
match at this point.

ENTERING ANOTHER SEARCH WORD

Press ESC again to clear the existing matches off 
the display.  At this point you can enter another 
word in the word search bar.

        -22-

9.  LESSON GLOSSARY

If you want to know more about a specific 
grammatical concept, or certain usage, search for 
it in the lesson glossary.  Finding more references 
to a topic of interest will point you to the 
appropriate lessons that cover that particular topic. 
The lesson glossary is sparsely filled in version 
1.0; as additional lesson sets are developed and 
added to the tutorial, the lesson glossary will be 
filled in accordingly.

SEARCHING THE GLOSSARY

Use the Enter or Page Down key to page forward 
in the lesson glossary.  Use Backspace and Page 
Up to page backward.

PRINTING THE GLOSSARY

To print out a copy of the lesson glossary, make 
sure your printer is already turned on, then press 
the F6 key .  If conflicting printer drivers are 
loaded prior to running Gakusei, using the F6 key 
may not work.  If this is the case on your system, 
you can get a printed copy of the lesson glossary 
by exiting Gakusei back to DOS and using DOS 
print or DOS copy to print the file "topic.ind".

	C:\>	cd c:\gakusei
	C:\>	copy topic.ind lpt1

LEAVE THE GLOSSARY

Press F3 again or ESC to leave the lesson 
glossary.

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            TOPIC                           LESSON                         |
|                                                                           |
|   INTERROGATIVE NOUNS                      7,8,10,13,16,19                |
|   -dare                                    16                             |
|   -doko                                    11,19                          |
|   -dono                                    13                             |
|   -dore                                    8                              |
|   -nan                                     7,8                            |
|   -nani                                    12                             |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                     Figure 8. Lesson Glossary

        -23-

10. JAPANESE KEYBOARD

Within the exercises, it is possible to type 
Roomaji, Hiragana, or Katakana characters.  The 
tutorial maintains an indicator in the lower right 
corner of the display that tells you which character 
set is the "active" input character set.  You can 
switch between the Roomaji, Hiragana, and 
Katakana character sets by pressing F10.  The 
tutorial initializes with "Roomaji"; if you keep 
pressing F10 you will see the indicator change to 
"Hiragana", "Katakana", then back to "Roomaji". 

The keyboard should remain in Roomaji mode 
until an exercise asks you to type your answers in 
Hiragana or Katakana.  At that time it is 
appropriate to switch the input mode by pressing 
F10.  Whenever you need to see pictures of the 
keyboards, press F5.

To type a 2-dotted voiced Japanese character, 
type <char>, R-Shift-<char>. To type a 1-circle 
character, type <char>, L-Shift-<char>.  To type a 
subscript character, type <ALT>-<subscript char>.   
The subscript chars are: 'tsu', 'ya', 'yu', and 'yo'.  
Katakana has additional subscripts 'a', 'i', 'u', 'e', 
and 'o'.  To type a Katakana long vowel symbol, 
press <ALT>-<;> (ALT + semicolon/colon key).

                   examples:
   word:            in Hiragana input mode, you would type:
   jitensha         d , Right-Shift d , w , y , d , ALT 6
   kekkon           ' (comma/quote key), ALT z , b , y
   juppun           d , Right-Shift d , ALT 7 , ALT z , 1 , Left-Shift , y   
                      in Katakana input mode, you would type:
   koohii           b , ALT ; , v, ALT ;
   fasshon          1 , ALT 2 , ALT z ,  d , ALT 8 , y
   cheen            a , ALT 3 , ALT ; , y

        -24-

11.  PRINTING

Gakusei is designed to be used with Epson LQ 
compatible dot matrix printers and with HPLJ 2 
compatible laser printers.  Gakusei assumes that 
your printer port is LPT1.  Most dot matrix printers 
need add-on memory in order to be able to use 
the downloaded Japanese font.  If you have a dot-
matrix printer, check the glossary of your printer 
manual under "buffer", "RAM", or "download font".

Before you try any printing with Gakusei, it is 
important that the printing hardware currently on 
your system is checked out, and that your printer 
is configured correctly.   Read section 14,  
TROUBLESHOOTING, Problems with Printing, 
before you continue.  After you have checked out 
your printing hardware, read the following section, 
Settings on your Printer.

SETTINGS ON YOUR PRINTER

You will need to make sure that the dip switches 
or menu settings on your printer are configured to 
accept Gakusei's Japanese character download 
font.

DOT MATRIX PRINTERS (EPSON-LQ AND 
COMPATIBLES)

Make sure that your dip switches or menu settings 
are configured as follows:

-- Epson escape sequences (may be called 
"standard mode" in your printer manual)
-- printer RAM is set as a download buffer, not 
input buffer 
-- Character table type is set for graphics, not 
italics
-- character set mode is U.S.A.
-- LQ font selection

example: Star-Micronics NX-2420 Rainbow printer required settings are:
A-1	emulation		ON		(standard mode is Epson)
A-2	RAM Usage		OFF		(sets RAM as download buffer)
D-1	character table	ON		(graphics character mode)
D-2-4	character set		ON ON ON	(USA character set)
E-1-4	Tms-Roman		ON ON ON ON	(Times-Roman LQ font selection)

A valid printer configuration sheet would like this:
CURRENT EDS SETTINGS
Bank           A           B           C           D           E
Switch	   1 2 3 4 5   1 2 3 4 5   1 2 3 4 5   1 2 3 4 5   1 2 3 4 5
ON         *   * * *   * * * * *       * * *   * * * * *   * * * * *
OFF          *                     * *

Star-Micronics NX-2420 Rainbow does not need add-on memory.

        -25-

example:   Panasonic KPX-1123 printer required settings are:
R1	R2	R3	COLUMN:
ON	OFF	OFF	C2			(mode is Epson graphic)
ON	ON	OFF	C2			(Courier font selection)
OFF	ON	OFF	C1			(USA character set)
BLINK	OFF	OFF	C1			(download buffer enabled)  *

* Panasonic KPX-1123 needs a 32K add-on memory chip

A valid printer configuration sheet would look like this:
INITIAL SETUP condition
	* Emulation mode		: LQ-850 Graphic
	* Default font			: Courier
	* Int'l char set		: USA
	* Download buffer		: Enable
	* Cut sheet feeder		: OFF
	* Buzzer sound			: ON
	* Zero font			: 0
	* Alt. Graphic Mode		: OFF
	* Data length			: 8
	* Image direction		: Uni-direction
	* Skip perforation		: OFF
	* Automatic LF			: OFF
	* Automatic CR			: OFF
	* P.O detector			: ON

LQ-850 is a trademark of EPSON America, Inc.

LASER PRINTERS (HPLJ 2 AND COMPATIBLES)

For HPLJ2 compatible users, check the following 
settings on your laser printer:

	*	HPLJ2 emulation mode
	*	at least .5 MB RAM

No additional printer menu setup should be 
required.

CHOOSING A PRINTER TYPE

By this time, you should have checked out your 
printing hardware, and configured your printer with 
the settings that Gakusei needs.  Now you must 
let Gakusei know what printer type you want to 
use. 

If Gakusei is not running on your PC, go ahead 
and start the tutorial (section 4).  Start the printer 
setup menu by pressing Shift-F7.  If you have a 
dot-matrix printer, you will want to select Epson 
LQ or compatible in the printer setup menu.  If 
you have a laser printer, you will probably want to 
select  HPLJ or compatible, although some laser 
printers emulate Epson escape sequences.

        -26-

Your computer may hang, or your printer could 
start spewing paper if you configure the wrong 
type of printer.  To recover from such a situation, 
turn off your printer.  When control returns to the 
tutorial, turn the printer back on and reconfigure by 
typing Shift-F7.

VIEWING YOUR PRINTER SETUP

If you want to check your choice of printer, press 
Shift-F7.   A highlight bar will appear across your 
choice.  After a new installation, but before you 
have chosen a printer type, the highlight bar will 
appear across the printer type None.  Use the Up-
Arrow or Down-Arrow key to scroll to a printer 
type.  Press Enter to save the selection.  Press F7 
or ESC to exit the printer setup menu.

INITIALIZING THE PRINTER

When Gakusei is first installed, it assumes that 
you do not have a printer.  If you press F7 for the 
first printer initialization, and you have forgotten to 
specify a printer type, Gakusei will know that you 
have not chosen a printer type and will ask you to 
choose a printer in the printer setup menu.  Your 
choice of printer will be saved.   See "Viewing 
your printer setup".

Make sure that your printer is turned on and that it 
is properly connected.  Give a laser printer 
adequate time to "warm up".  Press the F7 key to 
initialize the printer with the Japanese character 
font.  

A printer choice reminder will pop up on the 
screen after you press F7.  Press F7 again to 
proceed with initialization of the printer, or press 
ESC to cancel printer initialization.

The initialization may take a while on some laser 
printer models.  Be patient and expect to wait 
several seconds before the tutorial screen returns.

Your computer may hang, or your printer could 
start spewing paper if you configure the wrong 
type of printer.  To recover from such a situation, 
turn off your printer.  When control returns to the 
tutorial, turn the printer back on and reconfigure by 
typing Shift-F7.

There should be an audible beep when 
initialization is complete.

If your printer is not turned on when you press F7, 
you may see the DOS prompt,

               Write fault error writing device LPT1
               Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail? >

        -27-

If you cannot turn on the printer for any reason, 
type A to abort. If your printer is available, turn it 
on and type R to retry.  The tutorial will continue 
where it left off.  

PRINTING A LESSON OR EXERCISE PAGE

After the printer has been properly initialized, 
press the PrintScreen key to get a screen dump 
of the current lesson or exercise screen visible on 
your display.  If you are running Gakusei from 
DOS full-screen mode in Windows, you must 
press Shift-PrintScreen to print the display.

If you forget to initialize your printer before you 
use PrintScreen, you will see IBM Graphics 
characters appear on your output where Japanese 
characters would normally appear.

Browser and lesson glossary screens should 
not be printed out with PrintScreen; if you 
wish to print the information in the browser or 
lesson glossary, use the F6 key to do so.

There are times when a user may switch to using 
a different type of printer.  If you've already 
configured this tutorial to print, say, Epson LQ, 
and you've switched to a printer that prints HPLJ 
2, you can reconfigure the tutorial to use the new 
printer.  

Turn on your new printer and make sure it is 
properly connected.  From Gakusei, press Shift-
F7.  This action will bring up the printer setup 
utility.  You can now select the HPLJ printer type 
from this menu.  Your selection, as before, will be 
saved.  

        -28-

12.  EXITING THE TUTORIAL

If you are in a lesson or exercise, the exit function 
will return you to the browser.  Leave the lesson or 
exercise by pressing ESC, then End.  If you are in 
the browser, you exit Gakusei, back to DOS, by 
pressing the same keys: ESC, then End.

If you are leaving from an exercise, be sure to 
print the work you want to be printed before you 
exit. (See section 11, PRINTING.)

Do NOT use Control-Break to exit the tutorial.  
This may cause a hang or other strange results.

        -29-

13.  CUSTOMIZING THE SYLLABUS

Your teacher may want you to follow a certain 
lesson sequence that matches the sequence in 
your class textbook.  Modifying the syllabus is 
something that may be best left to your teacher.

The Gakusei syllabus can be edited with an 
ordinary text editor.  Before the file is edited, save 
a copy of the original syllabus. As you edit, be 
sure that your modifications adhere to the original 
file format:

-- no blank lines
-- lesson number appears in columns 1-3
-- lesson description appears starting in column 7
-- one line per lesson number-description pair

You may move ENTIRE lines.  Do NOT alter the 
contents of a line. Failure to follow these 
guidelines will produce unpredictable results.

Put the edited file 'syllabus' back in the directory 
where you installed Gakusei.  The modified 
syllabus will be read the next time you use 
Gakusei.  

The following table shows how sample chapters 
out of Japanese textbooks might be matched to 
Gakusei lessons.  See Appendix A for more 
information.


Sample Text:          Chapter:   Match with Gakusei lessons:
Colloquial Japanese      2          5, 7, 8, 13
 (Inamoto)               3          4, 19, 30
                         4          8, 12, 21
                         8          6, 10, 16

Modern Japanese          1          5
 (Han)                   3          5, 7
                         4         13
                         7         15, 80
Learn Japanese           2          1, 2, 3, 4
 (Young,Nakajima-Okano)  3          9, 12, 16		

        -30-

14.  TROUBLESHOOTING

PROBLEMS WITH THE DISPLAY

-- Japanese characters appear on the display as 
IBM graphics characters:

* Do you have a monochrome monitor with EGA 
adapter or VGA monitor with EGA or VGA 
adapter?  If you do but the problem persists, 
please contact us.

-- Screens appear dark:

* Some VGA/SVGA adapters configured as 
EGA/monochrome do not "emulate" this 
configuration well.  A true EGA adapter and 
monochrome display deal with the screen contrast 
correctly.  If you have a VGA/SVGA adapter, 
configure it as EGA/color or leave it in its "natural" 
VGA state.

PROBLEMS WITH THE KEYBOARD

-- Character set indicator does not match what I 
am typing:

* There are some rare places in the tutorial where 
pressing the F10 key at the wrong time could 
potentially get the character set mode "out of 
sync".  If this should occur, the best thing to do is 
exit the tutorial and enter it again.  As long as you 
follow the general guideline to leave the character 
set mode as "Roomaji" until an exercise requests 
a different mode, you will not experience this 
problem.

        -31-

PROBLEMS WITH PRINTING

CHECKING OUT NEW PRINTING HARDWARE

Please make sure that your printer, printer cable, 
and I/O board components are in good working 
order before trying to print from Gakusei.  In other 
words, if any component has not previously been 
used or is untested, you should verify that it works 
before trying to print from Gakusei.

In particular, if you have any new components, 
please verify the following on your system:

1)	The printer cable has a 25-pin connector 
at one end.  The I/O connector on the PC has 25 
holes.

2)	The printer cable has a solid "wedge" at 
one end. The I/O connector on the printer has a 
slot into 	which the wedge will fit.

3)	The printer is configured with factory 
defaults.  You will eventually reconfigure the 
printer, but for now, 	test it with the factory 
defaults.  Check your printer manual for 
information on how to reset your 	printer 
with factory defaults.

Each time you complete attaching a cable and a 
printer to your PC, you will perform a Print Screen 
test:

1)	Turn on your printer.
2)	Turn on the PC;  there should be a slight 
audible noise as the PC resets the printer.
3)	When the PC has completed booting, 
make sure there is no application running, and 
make sure that a 	DOS prompt (e.g., C:\>) 
is available.
4)	Press the Enter key a few times.
5)	Press the Print Screen key.
6)	The printer should print out a copy of what 
appears on the screen of your PC.

Refer to this chart while fault-isolating a printing 
problem.  The basic idea is to keep trying different 
components until DOS print screen works.  If your 
system has a mixture of new and old components, 
it is probably safe to assume a new component is 
not working until you prove otherwise.

        -32-

PRINTER
CABLE
I/O BOARD
ACTIONS TO TRY

1
new
new
new
Do the Print Screen test. If it succeeds, go to 6.  If it fails, make 
sure the I/O board is correctly jumpered. (Usually you do not 
have to change jumpers.)  Make sure the board is seated tightly 
inside the PC.  You must lean hard on the board as you push it 
into the adapter slot.  Reattach the cable and printer.  Repeat 
the test.  If it fails, go to 2; otherwise, go to 6.

2
new
used
new
Substitute a different cable for the new cable.  Preferably, it 
should be a known working cable.  Do the Print Screen test.  If it 
succeeds, then there is something wrong with the original cable.  
Use the working cable, and go to 6.  If the test fails, go to 3.

3
used
used
new
Substitute a known working printer for the new untested printer.  
Attach the working printer to the used cable.  Do the Print 
Screen test.  If it succeeds, then there is something wrong with 
the new untested printer or how its parallel interface is set up.  
Refer to your new printer manual or contact your new printer 
vendor.  If the test fails, then there may be something wrong 
with your I/O board.  Go to 4.

4
used
used
used
Take the known working printer and used cable to a different 
PC, preferably, one that is known to have previously worked 
with a printer.   Attach the cable and printer to the alternate PC.  
Do the Print Screen test.  If it succeeds, there is a high 
probability that there is something wrong with the I/O board in 
the original PC.  Replace that board.  If the test failed, go to 5. 

5
used
used
used
The DOS Print Screen function works on any PC that is 
correctly connected to a printer.  If it is not working on your PC, 
ask your local PC expert to look at your system.

6

Once the DOS Print Screen function has succeeded, you have 
verified that your printing hardware works.  At this point, you 
may now configure your printer with the required settings for 
Gakusei.

        -33-

OTHER PRINTING PROBLEMS

-- Japanese characters do not print; English letter 
output looks OK but instead of printing Japanese 
characters, IBM graphic characters are printed.

1)	The most likely cause of this problem is 
that you forgot to initialize your printer by pressing 
the F7 	key.
2)	On some printer models, this problem will 
occur if the printer does not have the extra 
memory 	installed to accept the F7 key font 
initialization.

-- Printer starts spewing out paper after pressing 
the F7 key.

1)	Immediately turn off the printer.  Control 
should return to the tutorial.
2)	In Gakusei, type Shift-F7 to return to the 
Gakusei printer setup menu, and verify your 
choice of 	printer.  Make sure the choice is 
correct.  If it is, exit Gakusei back to DOS.
3)	Verify that the configuration settings on 
your printer are correct.  In particular, verify that  
the printer 	mode is Epson, not IBM, and 
verify that the buffer mode is set for download.
4)	Verify that your printer has sufficient RAM 
memory to download a font.  Check your printer 
manual.  	Most dot matrix models come with 
only 8K of memory.  Even if your configuration 
sheet indicates that 	your download buffer is 
enabled, this is meaningless if the printer does not 
have the extra memory 	installed.
5)	When you have checked that the printer is 
set up correctly, start Gakusei again, and initialize 
the 	printer with F7.  Enter a lesson, then press 
F4 to view the Hiragana chart, then press Print 
Screen to 	print the chart.  Verify that 
Japanese characters appear and that the columns 
of the chart are 	straight.  If the printing problem 
persists, please notify us.

        -34-

15.  PLANNED FIXES AND UPGRADES IN FUTURE RELEASES

The following features are being considered for 
future releases.  We'd like to hear your opinion!

1)	Introduce Kanji that is typically taught in a 
first-year college course.  Some reading and 
printing Kanji 	are expected to be introduced in 
lesson set 3.

2)	Provide a feature to allow the student to 
save work from an exercise to a named file, and 
reload the 	saved work.

3)	Provide a free-style typing utility in which 
the student can practice typing Japanese more 
complex 	than what is presented in the 
exercises.

4)	Provide tools to support commercial text 
editors in the typing of Japanese characters.  (The 
	dictionary, to date, has been constructed 
using such tools.)

5)	Enable printing with other types of 
printers; printer suggestions welcome. 

6)	Provide functions within the dictionary to 
delete words and add words.

7)	Provide functions within the dictionary to 
print the dictionary, an ordered range of words in 
the 	dictionary, all matches to the search word, 
or the entire conjugation of the selected verb or 
true 	adjective.

8)	Put sample usages of relationals in the 
dictionary.

9)	Put sample usages of numbers and 
counters in the dictionary.

10)	Subdivide dictionary verbs into transitive 
and intransitive, and indicate accordingly when a 
verb is 	shown in the dictionary.


        -35-

16.  PRODUCT INFORMATION AND REGISTRATION

The customer in mind for Gakusei is a Japanese 
language student, or a teacher, who may not have 
hundreds of dollars to spend on computer 
equipment and software.  After running it, I hope 
you will agree that there is nothing quite like it 
among computer-based Japanese language 
learning products.

Gakusei lessons are in development now.  A total 
of about 100 lessons, divided among 6 sets, is 
anticipated.  The Gakusei demo contains the first 
6 lessons.  Lesson set 1, containing the first 15 
lessons, is available now.  As sets 2-6 become 
available, users will be notified.

PRICING

For INDIVIDUALS, the product is priced as 
follows:
	Lesson set 1		$40.00
	postage and handling	$  4.00
				--------
total for new registered user	$44.00
(outside U.S.A., add additional	$  3.00)

For SCHOOLS that wish to use Gakusei, a site 
license is available.  The maximum that an 
educational institution would pay for lesson set 1 is 
$240.00 (plus postage and handling).

1 installation:			$  40.00
2 installations:			$  75.00
3 installations:			$105.00
4-10 installations:		$130.00-$240.00
more than 10 installations:	$240.00

If you pay the registration fee, you receive the 
entire lesson set 1 plus a printed user manual.  

REGISTRATION

As a registered user, you will be notified when new 
lesson sets and upgrades become available.   

When you register, please help us by telling us 
about any problems you may have encountered in 
the installation or operation of the tutorial. 

To register as a user and receive the first lesson 
set, tear off and use the Product Registration 
Form at the end of this manual.

        -36-

DOCUMENTATION

In a demo version, the file C:\Gakusei\Gakfiled is 
a list of all files in the package. On the registered 
version, the file C:\Gakusei\Gakfilef is the package 
file list.  This manual is available in both Microsoft 
Word (Gakusei.doc) and plain ASCII (Gakusei.txt) 
formats.

SUPPORT

You can contact Barham Software at our phone 
number, 1-800-RAN-EASY.  If you hear our 
recorded message, please be sure to speak 
clearly, and leave your name, area code and 
phone number, and the time you called.  We will 
return your phone call as soon as possible.

You can also send us e-mail at our CompuServe 
address 70700,2225.  From Internet, the address 
is 70700.2225@CompuServe.com.   If you do e-
mail us, please include a phone number where we 
can reach you.

        -37-

APPENDIX A:  TEXTBOOK COMPATIBILITY CHART

The following tables are guides for students and teachers on how to supplement textbook material with 
lessons from Gakusei.  Tables are shown for three Japanese textbooks.  Entries are shown only for Gakusei 
lesson set 1 and part of lesson set 2.

TEXTBOOK:  LEARN JAPANESE, VOLUME 1	AUTHORS: YOUNG, NAKAJIMA-OKANO

CHAPTER
CORRESPONDING GAKUSEI  LESSONS

2
1, 2, 3, 4

3
 9, 12, 16

3.4.8
12

3.4.10
12

3.4.11
18

4.4.1. 4.4.2
15

4.4.3, 4,4,4
19

4.4.6
18

4.4.7
12

5.4.2, 5.4.6
19

5.4.3
8, 19

5.4.4
11, 18, 19

7.4.2
8, 19

7.4.3
8

7.4.4
16

8.4.3, 8.4.5
21

        -38-

8.4.6
13

9.4.2
12

9.4.5
20

9.4.6
14

9.4.8


9.4.9, 9.4.10
25

9.4.5
20


TEXTBOOK:  COLLOQUIAL JAPANESE		AUTHOR:  INAMOTO, NOBORU

CHAPTER
CORRESPONDING GAKUSEI  LESSON

1
1, 2, 3, 4

2
5, 7, 13, 21

3
14, 24

4
22, 8, 17

5
19, 23, 24

6
24, 21

7
-------

8
18, 10, 6, 12

        -39-

TEXTBOOK:  MODERN JAPANESE		AUTHOR:  HAN, MIEKO SHIMIZU

CHAPTER
CORRESPONDING GAKUSEI  LESSONS

1
5

1.4, 1.6
5

1.11
9

1.12
18

2.9
21

3.1
13

3.4
5

4.1
13

4.2
14

4.3
21

5.1, 5.2
21

5.4
18

5.5
12

5.6
18

5.8
20

6.4
22

6.6
15

7.1
15

        -40-

Appendix B:  PRINTER COMPATIBILITY CHART

The printer table shown below lists the printers 
that have to date been verified to work with 
Gakusei by Barham Software or by Barham 
Software's beta test customers.  Sample printer 
configuration sheets for some of these printers are 
illustrated in section 11, PRINTING.

If you are unsure whether or not your printer is 
compatible with Gakusei, please check your 
printer manual and check with the manufacturer 
about add-on memory.  Keep in mind that the 
amount of base memory supplied in a printer may 
vary from model to model, even from the same 
manufacturer.

If you want to purchase a printer but are 
concerned about choosing a printer that is not 
compatible with Gakusei, Barham Software will 
purchase, configure, test, and ship a printer to 
you.  Your cost for the printer is our cost plus 
shipping and handling.

printer make-model
Epson LQ
HPLJ 2
add-on memory

Epson LQ 850/1050
supported
none
required

Hewlett-Packard HP Laser Jet 2
none
supported
not required

OkiData OkiLaser OL 830
none
supported
not required

Panasonic KX-P1123
supported
none
required

Star Micronics NX-2420 Rainbow
supported
none
not required

        -41-

Appendix C: SYLLABUS
  1.   Introduction to Hiragana I.
  2.   Introduction to Hiragana II.
  3.   Introduction to Katakana I.
  4.   Introduction to Katakana II.
  5.   Copula desu, dewa arimasen, desu ka.
  6.   Major, minor, irregular verb categories.  Dictionary forms.
  7.   Nominal demonstratives for things.  kore, sore, are.
  8.   Interrogative nouns nan, dore.  Usages of WA and GA.
  9.   Polite verb form -masu, -masen. Second bases.
 10.   E relational as direction indicator.
 11.   Nominal demonstratives for places.  koko, soko, asoko, doko
 12.   O relational for direct object. Interrogative noun nani.
 13.   Prenominal demonstratives kono, sono, ano. Interrogative dono.
 14.   NO relational, possessives, noun modifiers, NO as noun substitute.
 15.   Polite past copula and verbs.

        -42-

GAKUSEI PRODUCT REGISTRATION FORM (cut out and mail)
		(See section 16 for pricing information.)

	+----------------------------------------------------------------------
	|
        |   Your Name:
	|	Address:
	|	City:
	|	State or Country:
	|	Zip Code:
	|	phone (include area code):
	|
        |       Are you a teacher?  If so, what level
        |               (elementary, middle school, high school, college).
	|
        |       Approximately how many Japanese language students
        |               are you teaching?
	|
	|
	|	Diskette size desired:      3.5"  HD         5.25"  HD
	|	What type of PC do you have:
	|	processor (e.g., 286, 386,  etc.):
	|	MS-DOS version (e.g., 3.3):
	|	monitor (monochrome, VGA, super VGA):
	|	printer (make-model, e.g. StarMicronics NX-2420 Rainbow):
	|
	|
	|	What problems have you encountered with the tutorial so far?
	|
	|
	|
	|
	|
	|	Please suggest a feature or upgrade that you would like to see:
	|
	|
	|
	|
	|
	|	Mail with a check or money order to:
	|
	|			BARHAM SOFTWARE
	|			15507 S. Normandie Ave.  #245
	|			GARDENA, CA. 90247-4028
	|
	|			Compuserve: 70700,2225
	|			Internet: 70700.2225@CompuServe.com
	|
	|			Phone:  USA: 1-800-RAN-EASY  (1-800-726-3279)
	|				outside USA: 1-310-327-4862
	|
	|
	|
        -43-    Gakusei  version 1.0       8 August 1992  22:40

