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                                          Chapter 4: Managing Files   55
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    CHAPTER 4:  MANAGING FILES

    Selecting the Home pad's Manage files button takes you to a pad called
    the DOS Shell, shown here.

 Ŀ
                                                                        
  **** The Printed Documentation has a picture or screen shot here **** 
                                                                        
 
    

    The DOS Shell is an especially powerful pad that makes it easy for you
    to perform a wide range of file-management tasks without having to exit
    to DOS and type in complicated commands.

    At first glance, though, the DOS Shell looks pretty formidable! The
    screen seems chock-full of information, and you may be wondering just
    how "easy" it's going to be to operate this pad. Actually, you'll find
    it surprisingly simple once you understand how the DOS Shell works.



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    In addition to such standard HyperPAD screen elements as the menu bar,
    the title bar, the command line, and the message line or status bar, you
    also see two main components when you look at the DOS Shell screen:

        0  A group of three list boxes (titled Files, Directories, and
           Drives) in the middle of the screen.

        0  A portion of the screen just above the list boxes (called the
           status area) that displays key information about the files shown
           in the Files list box.

    Of these elements, the Files list box is really the heart of the DOS
    Shell, because you must get your files displayed in the Files list
    before you can work with them.

    The first section of this chapter, "Displaying Files," shows you how to
    make the file(s) you're interested in working with appear in the Files
    list box. The second section of the chapter, "Working with Files,"
    explains what you can do with those files once you have them displayed
    there. In the last section of the chapter, "Using the Tree View," you'll
    learn how the tree view, a tool accessible from the DOS Shell, can be
    used to change the structure of your directories.


    DISPLAYING FILES

    The DOS Shell offers you a number of ways to display the files in each
    of your directories. It also offers you a number of ways to zero in on
    particular files by displaying subsets of your files and by sorting your
    files in various ways. In this section of the chapter, you'll learn how
    to:

        0  Change the directory whose files are displayed in the Files list
           box.

        0  Create separate DOS Shell pages to display the contents of the
           directories you work with most often.

        0  View specified subsets of the files in a particular directory.

        0  Sort the files displayed in the Files list box according to
           specified criteria.

        0  Find a particular file and view the contents of the directory
           containing that file.

        0  Update the information in the DOS Shell and tree view to reflect
           any changes you've made to your drives, directories, and files
           while outside of HyperPAD.



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    The preceding list reflects the order in which the topics in this
    section are presented. We'll start with the most basic operation
    (displaying all the files in a specified directory) and then progress to
    more sophisticated operations.


    DISPLAYING THE CONTENTS OF A DIRECTORY

    When you first go to the DOS Shell, the following information may appear
    in the three list boxes:

        0  Files:   A list of files (including the number of bytes in each
           file and the date and time that the file was created or last
           modified)

        0  Directories:   A list of subdirectories

        0  Drives:   A list of one or more drives

    The location of the files and subdirectories that you're viewing is
    displayed in the status area after "Directory."

    There are two ways to view the files and subdirectories in a different
    directory. The first is to use the DOS Shell's Drives and Directories
    list boxes, and the second is to use the tree view. In the following
    subsections, we'll take a look at each of these methods.


    SELECTING A DIRECTORY WITH THE DOS SHELL

    Sometimes you may want to work with files that are on a drive other than
    the one specified after "Directory" in the status area.


    To change the drive:

    1.  TAB to highlight the Drives list box.

    2.  Use the up and down arrow keys to highlight the drive that you want
    to view.

    3.  Press ENTER.

    You can also change the drive by pointing to the desired drive with the
    mouse and double-clicking the left mouse button. The "Directory" portion
    of the status area is automatically updated to show the new directory
    for the drive you just picked.

    If the files that you want to work with are located on the same drive
    but in a different directory, select the desired directory from the
    Directories list box, using the procedure described above for changing
    the drive.



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    To view the contents of the parent directory, just select the ". ."
    choice from the Directories list box. This simply moves you up one level
    in the directory hierarchy.

    As you use the Directories list box to move around between the parent
    drive and its directories, you'll see that the contents of the Files
    list box keep changing accordingly and that the information following
    "Directory" and "Number of Files" in the status area is also
    automatically updated.

    With a little practice, you'll soon become quite adept at using the
    Drives and Directories list boxes to display the contents of different
    directories. However, you may find it a bit cumbersome to use the
    Directories list box if you have to move between many subdirectories--
    e.g., between C:\123\SHEETS\BACKUP and C:\WORD\DOC\PROJ1\BACKUP.

    Whenever complex DOS Shell navigation would be required to display a
    particular group of files or you can't immediately recall where the
    desired files are located, the tree view (discussed next) is an
    invaluable tool.


    SELECTING A DIRECTORY WITH THE TREE VIEW

    To display the tree view, shown here, select the Tree command (ALT+2)
    from the DOS Shell's command line.

 Ŀ
                                                                        
  **** The Printed Documentation has a picture or screen shot here **** 
                                                                        
 
    



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    The tree view illustrates the structure of the directories on a
    specified drive. Later in this chapter, we'll discuss the tree view more
    fully, but for now, you'll use the tree view as a way to quickly access
    the directory containing the files you want to work with so those files
    can be displayed in the DOS Shell's Files list box.

    When you call up the tree view, it shows the structure of the drive
    whose contents you're currently viewing on the DOS Shell. To see a tree
    view of a different drive, use the command line's View Tree command
    (ALT+1), which lets you pick from a list of drives. Once you have a tree
    view of the drive containing the files you want to work with, use the
    keyboard or the mouse to scroll through the tree view list box until you
    spot the location of the desired files.

    To select the target directory, either highlight it with the keyboard
    and press ENTER or point to it with the mouse and double-click the left
    mouse button. As soon as you select your target, the DOS Shell
    automatically reappears, showing the contents of the selected directory
    in the Files list box.


    CREATING DOS SHELL PAGES

    Since there are probably a number of directories whose files you work
    with often, HyperPAD lets you make separate DOS Shell pages to display
    the contents of those directories. By doing so, you can save yourself
    the trouble of having to access the drive and directory each time you
    want to work with that group of files. To create DOS Shell pages, just
    follow the instructions below.


    To create DOS Shell pages:

    1.  Use the DOS Shell's Drives and Directories list boxes or the tree
    view to display the desired files in the Files list box.

    2.  Select Misc. (ALT+7) from the command line.

    3.  When the pop-up showing miscellaneous commands appears, select New
    Page either by highlighting it with the keyboard and pressing ENTER or
    by pointing to it with the mouse and clicking the left mouse button.

    A dialog box then appears containing a text box that's already filled in
    with the path of the directory whose files are now shown in the Files
    list box. Just press ENTER or select <<Ok>> to make a separate DOS Shell
    page for the currently displayed information.



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    Once you've created a few DOS Shell pages, you can navigate through them
    either by pressing the PGUP and PGDN keys on the keyboard or by
    selecting the on-screen paging buttons. The page number of the current
    DOS Shell page appears at the center of the title bar.

    If you want to remove DOS Shell pages that you no longer need, use the
    Delete Page command from the Edit menu. (This command only eliminates
    unwanted pages from the DOS Shell; it has no effect on the contents of
    your hard disk.) Once you remove a page from the DOS Shell, the
    remaining pages are renumbered accordingly.


    CHANGING THE FILESPEC

    Whether you realized it or not, up until now we've been telling you how
    to display all the files in a particular directory. (HyperPAD's default
    setting is to display all files.) But if you only want to view a portion
    of the files in a particular directory, select the FileSpec command
    (ALT+3) on the DOS Shell's command line.

    The FileSpec popup that appears can be used to change the file
    specification from All Files to a particular subset of files (and vice
    versa) in the directory whose contents you're viewing. The file
    specifications you can select from are shown in the accompanying table.

    FileSpec:       Files displayed:
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    All Files       Displays all the files in the directory you're viewing.

    Programs        Displays only the program files in that directory.

    Mask            Displays only the files in that directory with a certain
                    extension.

    Search          Displays only the files containing specified text.


    The currently selected file specification appears after "Viewing" in the
    status area, so you can always tell at a glance whether the Files list
    box shows all files or a given subset of files. In the following
    subsections, we'll take a closer look at the four FileSpec options.


    PROGRAMS

    Selecting Programs from the FileSpec pop-up makes the DOS Shell's Files
    list display only the program files in the directory whose contents
    you're currently viewing. (These are files having the file extension
    COM, EXE, or BAT.)



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    If you then use the DOS Shell to view the contents of a different
    directory, HyperPAD continues to display only the program files in the
    newly selected directory until you change the file specification (for
    example, by selecting All Files from the FileSpec pop-up).


    MASK:

    Selecting Mask from the FileSpec pop-up produces a dialog box asking you
    for the mask of the files you want displayed.

    To display only the files in the currently viewed directory that
    have a particular extension, type an asterisk (*), a period (.), and the
    extension, like "*.DOC."  When you press ENTER or select <<Ok>>, the
    files with the specified extension are displayed in the DOS Shell's
    Files list box. If, for example, you were in the HPAD2 directory and
    wanted to view the files in that directory with the extension PAD, you
    would type *.PAD in the dialog box's New mask text box. If you wanted to
    view only the files that start with the letter C and have the extension
    PAD, you would type C*.PAD.

    Once you use the FileSpec command to specify an extension and then use
    the DOS Shell to view the contents of a different directory, HyperPAD
    continues to display only the files (if any) with that extension in the
    newly selected directory until you change the file specification (for
    example, by selecting All Files from the FileSpec pop-up).



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    SEARCH

    Selecting Search from the FileSpec pop-up produces the Search dialog
    box, shown here. You can use this dialog box to tell HyperPAD to search
    the contents of the files in the currently viewed directory for the word
    or string that you type into the Search for text box.

 Ŀ
                                                                        
  **** The Printed Documentation has a picture or screen shot here **** 
                                                                        
 
    

    Selecting the Case sensitive option tells HyperPAD to identify only
    files that contain the specified text exactly as you've typed it. If,
    for example, you type Bill in the Search for text box and select the
    Case sensitive option, HyperPAD lists the files in the currently viewed
    directory that contain the word "Bill" (i.e., capital "B," lowercase
    "ill," just the way you typed it). But if you don't select the Case
    sensitive option, HyperPAD lists all the files that contain the text
    string "bill"--including not only "Bill" but also such instances as
    "Brightbill" and "billing."

    Once you've typed in the text string and selected the Case sensitive
    option (if desired), select the Start Search button to initiate the
    search. HyperPAD uses the Found list box to display the files from the
    Search list in which it finds the specified text string.

    When HyperPAD has finished its search, select the Search dialog box's
    Set View button. The DOS Shell reappears, with the list of files
    containing the specified text string now displayed in the Files list
    box.



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    ALL FILES

    When you're through viewing any of the file subsets, you can display all
    the files in the directory again by selecting the command line's
    FileSpec command (ALT+3) and then selecting All Files from the FileSpec
    pop-up.


    SORTING FILES

    HyperPAD offers a variety of options for sorting the files currently
    displayed in the DOS Shell's Files list box. The default is for files to
    be listed by name in ascending alphabetical order. However, you can also
    sort files by extension, size (in bytes), and the date and time that the
    files were created or last modified.

    To sort files, select the Sort command (ALT+1) from the command line.
    A popup appears from which you can select Name, Extension, Size, and
    DateTime. Once you select any one of these options, a second pop-up
    automatically appears showing the options Ascending and Descending.
    (This means you really have eight sort options because you could sort
    according to any of the four options in either ascending or descending
    order.)

    Once you've selected an option and specified ascending or descending
    order, the files in the Files list box are rearranged accordingly, and
    your sort option is recorded after "Sorted by" in the status area. If
    you selected descending order, the sort option in the status area is
    followed by a downward-pointing arrow.

    Once you select a sort option with the Sort command, if you then use the
    DOS Shell to view the contents of a different directory, HyperPAD
    continues to display the files in the newly selected directory according
    to the current sort option until you use the Sort command again to
    select another option (for example, HyperPAD's default setting--Name and
    Ascending).



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    FINDING FILES

    Suppose you're trying to locate a file but you don't know which
    directory it's in? Worse yet, suppose you don't even remember the file's
    name?!

    To resolve this dilemma, select the Misc. command (ALT+7) from the DOS
    Shell's command line, and when the pop-up of miscellaneous commands
    appears, select Find File. The DOS Find File dialog box, shown here,
    appears.

 Ŀ
                                                                        
  **** The Printed Documentation has a picture or screen shot here **** 
                                                                        
 
    

    To fill out this dialog box, type into the Find what text box the first
    letter of the filename (if you happen to know it), an asterisk (*), a
    period (.), and the extension of the desired file, like "*.BAT." Then
    use the Drive to search text box to specify the drive you think the file
    is located on. (Select the Pick button to choose a drive other than the
    one already shown.)

    Up to this point, the preceding explanation probably sounds a lot like
    using the Mask command on the FileSpec pop-up. However, the Mask command
    searches only the files listed for the currently viewed directory,
    whereas the Find File command performs a global search of all the
    directories on a particular drive.

    Once HyperPAD displays the results of its search in the DOS Find File
    dialog box's Found list box, you can use the keyboard or the mouse to



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    select one of the files. As soon as you select a file, the DOS Shell
    reappears and displays the contents of the directory containing that
    file.


    REREADING DIRECTORIES AND TREES

    In order to keep your DOS Shell and tree view current, you should give
    HyperPAD a chance to update its information whenever you know that
    you've made changes that affect your drives, directories, and files. (If
    you happen to notice discrepancies between the information displayed on
    the DOS Shell or the tree view and the actual status of your drives,
    directories, and files, you've probably failed to advise HyperPAD of
    recent changes!)

    If you've made changes affecting the contents of a directory, start by
    displaying that directory on the DOS Shell. Then select the Misc.
    command (ALT+7), and when the pop-up of miscellaneous commands appears,
    select Reread Directory. HyperPAD rereads the currently viewed directory
    and automatically displays an updated version of it.

    If you've made changes affecting the structure of a directory, start by
    selecting Tree (ALT+2) from the DOS Shell's command line to bring up the
    tree view. Then, if necessary, use the View Tree command (ALT+1) on the
    DOS Tree's command line to select a drive other than the one whose tree
    view is displayed. Once you have a tree view of the drive containing the
    directory where you made the changes, select Reread Tree (ALT+2) from
    the command line. HyperPAD rereads the tree for the selected drive and
    automatically displays an updated version of it.


    Now that you've seen how to display selected files in the DOS Shell's
    Files list box so you can work with them, let's take a look in the
    following section at some of the operations you can perform on those
    files.



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    WORKING WITH FILES

    Once you have the files you want to work with displayed in the DOS
    Shell's Files list box, you can use that list to run a program; browse
    the contents of files; and copy, move, and delete files. The subsections
    below explain how.

    If in the course of working with your files, you need to carry out a DOS
    command, there's a handy shortcut you should be aware of. Simply select
    Misc. (ALT+7) from the DOS Shell's command line and then select DOS
    Command from the pop-up of miscellaneous commands that appears. This
    takes you directly to the DOS Commands Index page, just as if you had
    selected the Home pad's Run a DOS command button.


    RUNNING A PROGRAM

    In this subsection, you'll learn how to use HyperPAD's DOS Shell to
    launch a program.


    To launch a program from the DOS Shell:

    1.  Get the program file displayed in the Files list box.

    2.  Select the program with the keyboard or the mouse.

    HyperPAD launches the program but does not ask you whether you'd like to
    load a work file.

    When you exit from the program, HyperPAD returns you to the DOS Shell.

    Another way to launch a program from the DOS Shell is to get the work
    file that you want to load displayed in the Files list box. When you
    select that file with the keyboard or the mouse, HyperPAD automatically
    searches for the program that uses that type of file and (assuming it
    finds the program) launches the program with the selected work file.
    When you exit from the program, HyperPAD returns you to the DOS Shell.


    BROWSING FILES

    Suppose you have a group of files displayed in the DOS Shell's Files
    list box but aren't quite sure which of the files contains certain
    material that you want to work with. You can view the contents of a file
    by highlighting the file in the Files list box and then selecting the
    Browse command (ALT+8) from the DOS Shell's command line. A dialog box
    appears with the name of the highlighted file, but if you want to browse
    a different file, you can type another choice in the text box. Once the
    name of the file you want to browse is shown in the text box, press



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    ENTER to call up the View File dialog box, illustrated here, which
    displays the raw contents of the file.

 Ŀ
                                                                        
  **** The Printed Documentation has a picture or screen shot here **** 
                                                                        
 
    

    Some files contain readable text (e.g., HyperPAD's README.DOC). The
    contents of other files consist of both readable text and other data,
    which may look like strings of meaningless characters. Some files, in
    fact, contain no readable text at all.

    When you browse the contents of a file (even a file whose raw contents
    aren't deliberately made to be readable, such as the one shown here),
    you can usually pick out enough readable text strings to determine
    what's in the file. In short, the Browse command lets you take a quick
    peek at a selected file to see whether it contains the material you want
    to work with.

    If you'd like to browse the contents of more than one file from the DOS
    Shell's Files list box, first mark the files (by highlighting each file
    with the keyboard and then pressing SPACE or by pointing to each file
    with the mouse and clicking the right mouse button) and then select
    Browse (ALT+8) from the command line. The View File dialog box
    immediately appears. When you're finished browsing the contents of the
    first marked file, you can select the Next button below the scroll box
    in the View File dialog box to display the contents of the next marked
    file without having to return to the DOS Shell and make another
    selection.



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    MANIPULATING FILES

    As shown in the accompanying table, three of the commands on the DOS
    Shell's command line can be used to manipulate the files that appear in
    the Files list box.

    Command:   Result:
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Copy       Places a copy of the file in another location on you system
               while leaving the original file in its directory.

    Move       Takes the file off the directory where it now appears and
               places it in another location on your system.

    Delete     Removes the file from your system entirely.

    In this subsection, you'll learn how to perform each of these
    operations.


    COPYING AND MOVING FILES

    The procedures for copying and moving files are very similar. First,
    display the files you want to work with in the DOS Shell's Files list
    box and use the keyboard or the mouse to mark the files you want to copy
    or move.

    As you mark files, notice how the number of files marked and the total
    number of bytes they contain are recorded after "Marked files" and
    "Bytes marked" in the status area. This information can be useful if
    you're trying either to free up a certain amount of space on a drive or
    to make sure the marked files will fit on another drive. (We'll explain
    below how to tell whether the marked files will fit on your target
    drive.)



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    Once you've marked the files you want to work with, select Copy (ALT+4)
    or Move (ALT+5) from the command line. If you're copying files, the Copy
    dialog box, shown here, appears; if you're moving files, a nearly
    identical Move dialog box appears. In either case, the files you just
    marked appear in the scroll box, and the number of marked files and
    their source are recorded immediately above the scroll box.

 Ŀ
                                                                        
  **** The Printed Documentation has a picture or screen shot here **** 
                                                                        
 
    

    To use the Copy or Move dialog boxes, type the desired destination for
    the files in the Copy to or Move to text boxes. If you'd prefer to fill
    in the Copy to or Move to text boxes automatically by selecting the
    target destination from a tree view, just use the Pick button. The
    amount of free space on the target drive is shown after "Bytes free" to
    the right of the tree view, so you can determine whether the marked
    files will fit there.

    Select the Confirm overwriting option on the Copy or Move dialog box if
    you want HyperPAD to replace any existing files with the same names at
    the target location with the files that you're about to move or copy to
    that location.


    DELETING FILES

    To remove files from your hard disk, start by displaying the contents of
    the directory containing the files in the Files list box. Then use the
    keyboard or the mouse to mark which files you want to delete. If you're
    interested in freeing up space on the drive containing the files, you



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    can check "Bytes marked" in the status area to see the total number of
    bytes in the marked files.

    After making sure the files you've marked are the ones you intend to
    delete, select Delete (ALT+6) from the DOS Shell's command line. A
    dialog box appears asking you to confirm your intention to delete the
    specified number of files. When you select <<Ok>>, the marked files are
    removed from your hard disk.

    In the first two sections of this chapter, you learned how to use the
    DOS Shell to display files that you're interested in working with and
    how to perform a number of common file-management operations on those
    files. We'll close the chapter with a look at some additional functions
    you can carry out with the tree view.


    USING THE TREE VIEW

    Earlier in the chapter, you were introduced to the tree view as a tool
    for specifying the directory whose contents you want to display on the
    DOS Shell and the directory to which you want to copy or move files.

    As you'll see in the next two subsections, in addition to these
    functions, the tree view is an excellent information resource as well as
    a tool that you can use to change the structure of your directories.


    USING THE TREE VIEW AS AN INFORMATION RESOURCE:  Examining a tree view
    is a good way to get a feel for the structure of the directories on one
    of your drives, since it displays the hierarchy of directories,
    subdirectories, and sub-subdirectories at a glance.

    To make it easier for you to browse through the tree views of your
    drives, HyperPAD creates a separate tree view page for each drive the
    first time you call up a tree view of that drive. (This process is
    similar to creating separate DOS Shell pages, except that in the case of
    the tree view, HyperPAD performs this function automatically.) Once your
    tree list contains more than one page, you can use the keyboard's PGUP
    and PGDN keys or the on-screen paging buttons to travel between pages
    rather than having to use the command line's View Tree command (ALT+1)
    to specify a drive each time you want to see a tree view.

    If you find that your tree view is becoming cluttered with pages for
    drives that you seldom work with, just access each unwanted tree view
    page and remove it by selecting Delete Page (ALT+3) from the command



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                                          Chapter 4: Managing Files   71
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    line. Doing this simply eliminates the tree view page; it has no effect
    on the contents of your hard disk. The next time you have occasion to
    work with a drive whose tree view page you previously deleted, you can
    create another tree view page for that drive by using the command line's
    View Tree command (ALT+1).


    USING THE TREE VIEW TO CHANGE YOUR DIRECTORIES' STRUCTURE

    The tree view also lets you create a new directory and delete a
    directory from a drive.

    To create a new directory, call up a tree view of the drive on which you
    want to place the directory, use the keyboard or the mouse to select the
    directory to which you want to add a subdirectory, and then select Make
    Dir (ALT+4) from the command line. A dialog box appears containing the
    New directory text box, with the drive and directory information already
    filled in (e.g., C:\FX\SAMPLES). All you have to do is type in the name
    of the new directory and select <<Ok>>.

    To remove a directory or branch (including all the files and subordinate
    directories within it) from your hard disk, call up a tree view of the
    drive containing that branch, mark the branch with the keyboard or the
    mouse, and then select Delete Branch (ALT+6) from the command line.
    HyperPAD presents a dialog box asking you to confirm your intention to
    delete the specified branch, together with its contents. Selecting
    <<Ok>> removes the branch from your system.

    Be careful when you use the Delete Branch command, because if you take
    material off your hard disk with this command, it's gone for good.



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    CONCLUSION

    Once you master the information presented in this chapter, you should be
    able to access the files you want to work with by using the DOS Shell
    and the tree view to display those files in the DOS Shell's Files list
    box. You should also know how to sort the currently viewed files, how to
    display subsets of the files in a particular directory, and how to find
    a file on a drive. And you'll be able to update your DOS Shell and tree
    view to reflect any changes you've made to the contents or structure of
    your directories.

    After you have the files you want to work with displayed in the DOS
    Shell's Files list box, you should know how to launch a program by
    selecting a program file or a work file on the list; how to browse the
    contents of one or more of the listed files; and how to copy and move
    files on the list or delete them from your system.

    And finally, you'll know how to use the tree view not only as an
    information resource that shows the structure of your directories but
    also as a tool for selecting directories in order to perform certain DOS
    Shell functions and as a tool for changing the structure of your
    directories.

    In short, you'll be able to manage your files simply by using HyperPAD's
    DOS Shell and tree view to display the contents of your directories and
    then selecting easily understandable options and commands from pop-ups
    rather than by manually entering a lot of hard-to-remember DOS commands.
