  PUBLISHED FOR THE 
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION
BY THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES TRUST FUND BOARD
Revised 1993
         Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
United States.  National Archives and Records Administration.
          The 1790--1890 federal population censuses: catalog of
     National Archives microfilm.
             p.   cm.
          Rev. ed. of: United States. National Archives and Records
     Service. Federal population censuses, 1790--1890. 1971.
          Includes indexes.
          ISBN 0-911333-63-0: $2.00
          1. United States---Bibliography---Microform catalogs.  2.
     United States---Genealogy---Bibliography---Microform catalogs. 
     3. United States---Census---Bibliography---Microform catalogs. 
     4. United States.  National Archives and Records
     Administration---Microform catalogs.  5. Microforms---
     Catalogs.  6. United States---Census---Bibliography---
     Microform catalogs.  I. United States.  National Archives and
     Records Service.  Federal population censuses, 1790--1890. 
     II. Title.
     Z5313.U5U53   1993
     [CS47]
     016.929'373'--dc20                      93-17537
                                                  CIP

[verso title page, continued]

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements
of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for
Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984.


Cover:  1860 census population schedule of free inhabitants of
the first ward of the city of San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. 
(Microfilm publication M653, roll 1288)Foreword

      The National Archives and Records Administration is
responsible for administering and making available for research
the permanently valuable noncurrent records of the federal  
government.  These archival holdings, now amounting to more than
1.5 million cubic feet, date from the first days of the  
Continental Congress in 1774 and preserve the basic records of
the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government 
from that time to the present.  The National Archives also
administers the Presidential libraries.  
     These research resources document significant events in our
nation's history, but most of them are preserved for their
continuing practical use in the ordinary processes of government. 
All nonrestricted records are available for the use of scholars,
students, genealogists, and others.Contents

Foreword . .iii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
               Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
               Catalog Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
               Microfilm Problems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
               Census Indexes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
               Soundex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
               Enumeration District Descriptions and Maps  . . 
               Other Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
               Research Hints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
               Additional Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
               Census Availability and Access  . . . . . . . . 
               Select Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
               Regional Archives System  . . . . . . . . . . . 
1790 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1800 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1810 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
1820 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1830 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
1840 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1850 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1860 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1870 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1880 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1880 Soundex 81
1890 Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Index to the 1890 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
1890 Special Schedules . . . Enumerating Union Veterans
               and Widows of Veterans of the Civil War . . . 92
Appendix: Abbreviations and Terms 
               Used in Soundex Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . 96


List of Figures

1. Family Card (1880 Soundex)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
2. Other Members of Family---Continued 
               Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
3. Individual Card (1880 Soundex)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
4. Institution Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
5. Facsimile of Family Card 
               (1880 Soundex)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
6. Facsimile of Other Members of Family---
               Continued Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . 
7. Facsimile of Individual Card 
               (1880 Soundex)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
8. Facsimile of Institution Card 
               (1880 Soundex)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
9. Sample Roll Listings for 1880 Census  . . . . . . . . . . . 
10. Volume Page Introducing 1880 
               Census Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
11. Top Part of an 1880 Census Schedule  . . . . . . . . . . . 
12. Enumeration District Description (1880)  . . . . . . . . . 
13. Enumeration District Description Map (1880)  . . . . . . . 

List of Tables

1. Soundex Coding Guide  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
2. Examples of Soundex Coding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
3. Sample List of Soundex Rolls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
4. ED Descriptions, 1830--90, in T1224 . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction

               Article I, sections 2 and 9, of the U.S. Constitution, which
is on permanent display in the National Archives Building in
Washington, DC, requires a decennial population census, a
nationwide enumeration or count of persons every 10 years. 
Congress uses the aggregate figures to reapportion seats that the
states have in the House of Representatives.  The census also
determines each state's number of votes in the electoral college,
which selects the U.S. President and Vice President; affects
reapportionment in state and local legislatures; and influences
the distribution of billions of dollars in federal grants to
states and localities.
               The population schedules, the completed forms recording
personal information about families and individuals, are
especially helpful to genealogists because of the richness,
accessibility, and long-term continuity of the data.  These
schedules, first prepared in 1790, also contain a wealth of
information for historians, economists, and other researchers
interested in topics such as Revolutionary War pensioners, Civil
War veterans, western expansion, slave labor, regional and local
history, immigration, and naturalization.
               To ensure the confidentiality of responses and protect the
privacy of individuals, 72 years must elapse before public
release of the population schedules.  As of 1993, the 1920
schedules are the most current of those available.  To obtain
some restricted data from post-1920 censuses, researchers should
use Bureau of the Census (BC) Form BC-600, "Application for
Search of Census Records."  Copies are available from the Bureau
of the Census, P.O. Box 1545, Jeffersonville, IN 47131 (telephone
812-285-5314; fax 812-288-3371).  The search fee as of January
1993 is $40.  An explanation of the form and further details
appear in JoAnne Shepard, Age Search Information (Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990).  
               This catalog lists only the positive microfilmed copies of
the original 1790--1890 schedules and the published 1790
schedules.  This catalog, therefore, accounts for 11 of the 14
publicly released censuses.  Three other National Archives
catalogs cover the 1900--1920 population schedules.  Two other
National Archives works list most related special schedules. 
Details on these five works and related literature appear in Aids
for Genealogical Research, a free sales brochure available from
the National Archives Fulfillment Center.  The Center's address
and phone number are listed on p. 00.
               Microfilm copies of the 1790--1920 population schedules are
available for rental and sale.  Instructions for renting or
buying microfilm appear at the end of this introduction.
               Without charge, the public also can research copies of
census schedules in the Microfilm Research Room in the National
Archives Building, which is on Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, between
Seventh and Ninth Streets in Washington, DC.  Research hours are
8:45 a.m. until 10 p.m., Monday through Friday, and 8:45 a.m.
until 5 p.m. on Saturday.
               Copies of the schedules are also in research rooms of the 12
National Archives regional archives.  The last page of this
introduction furnishes their names, addresses, phone numbers, and
other information.  Many state and local archives, libraries, and 
genealogical or historical societies; the Family History Centers
of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons); and
other institutions have purchased all or some of the census
microfilms and make them available to the public.  Information on
many of these institutions appears in Alice Eichholz, ed.,
Ancestry's Red Book: American State, County, & Town Sources (Salt
Lake City: Ancestry Publishing Co., 1992).  The National
Historical Publications and Records Commission's Directory of
Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the United States (Oryx
Press, 1988) lists over 4,000 repositories in the United States,
including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, many of which
have copies of census microfilm.  In the National Archives
research rooms, the public also may request a copy of State
Archives Referral List, Form NA 14031, which lists addresses of
these repositories.

Census Schedules
               Article I, section 2, of the U.S. Constitution required only
that the censuses gather aggregate information on the whole
number of free persons, including those bound to service and
excluding Indians not taxed, and three-fifths of all "other
persons," a euphemism for slaves.  After the 13th amendment to
the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery, the 14th amendment,
section 2, eliminated the separate slave category in the census.
               On the whole, population schedules used between 1790 and
1890 became increasingly numerous.  Some explanations of the
schedules appear in Guide to Genealogical Research in the
National Archives, chapter 1, and in 200 Years of U.S. Census
Taking: Population and Housing Questions, 1790--1990 (Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1989). 
U.S. Government Printing Office bookstores and some commercial
stores sell the latter work.
               Free facsimiles of schedules on which researchers can
transcribe data are available in the National Archives Microfilm
Research Room and research rooms in some regional archives. 
Ancestry charts and family group sheets are helpful for
summarizing key genealogical data from census schedules.  Such
forms are available to researchers in the Microfilm Research
Room.  Commercial firms also publish blank facsimiles of
schedules and ancestry and family group sheets.  For example,
they appear in William Dollarhide's Census Enumeration Forms
(Bellingham, WA: The Dollarhide Systems, Inc., n.d.) and Managing
a Genealogical Project: A Complete Manual for the Management and
Organization of Genealogical Materials (Baltimore: Genealogical
Publishing Co., Inc., 1991).
               The 1790--1820 population schedules were nearly all
handwritten; the government started using printed schedules
nationwide in 1830.  In 1850 and 1860 the government employed
separate free and slave schedules and used a single schedule per
family in 1890.  Moreover, the number of special or supplemental
schedules increased from 1790 through 1890, peaking in 1880.
               As a rule, between 1790 and 1890 the census takers, or
enumerators, gathered increasingly detailed personal information. 
The 1790--1840 schedules, for example, furnish the names only of
the free heads of family, not of other family members.  These
schedules enumerated the family head and simply totaled the
number of other family members, without name, by free or slave
status.  Also, the sex and age categories that the schedules
first used only for free whites from 1790 through 1810 eventually
applied to other persons, and the age categories increased after
1790.
               Some censuses from 1790 through 1840 covered special topics. 
The 1820 census, for example, was the first to inquire about
foreigners not naturalized.  This information provides clues
about naturalization records covered in Federal Court Records: A
Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications and
Genealogical and Biographical Research: A Select Catalog of
National Archives Microfilm Publications.  Since publication of
these works, additional microfilm publications reproducing
indexes to federal naturalization records have become available. 
The original records are in the 12 National Archives regional
archives.
               The 1840 census included a special inquiry regarding
pensioners for Revolutionary or military service.  This unique
feature named persons who were either family heads or members and
specified the pensioner's age, not just a range of ages.  The
results were summarized in Census of Pensioners: Revolutionary or
Military Services . . . (Washington, DC: Blair and Rives, 1841). 
Roll 3 of First Census of the United States, 1790, National
Archives Microfilm Publication T498, reproduces this report,
which can lead to important military records explained in
Military Service Records: A Select Catalog of National Archives
Microfilm Publications.
               The 1850 census set several precedents for later censuses. 
For example, the free schedules recorded each person's name,
specific age, occupation of those over age 15, place of birth,
and value of real estate.  The slave schedules, while naming only
the owner, totaled the number of slaves and furnished more
information about them than ever before.
               The 1860 schedules were almost identical to those for 1850,
but the 1860 census was the first to inquire about the value of
each free person's personal estate.
               The 1870 schedule asked for the first time whether or not
the parent of an enumerated person was of foreign birth and
inquired about the U.S. citizenship of every man 21 years or
older.  This census, moreover, was the first and last to inquire
about the denial or abridgment of these men's voting rights, in
accordance with the 14th amendment, section 2.
               The 1880 schedule was the first to ask about the
relationship of each individual to the head of the family,
specifying what could only be assumed in earlier censuses. 
Moreover, the 1880 census was the first to inquire about the
birthplace of each person's parents, including the country of
those who were foreign born.
               A fire destroyed many 1890 population and special schedules,
and water used to extinguish the blaze badly damaged many more. 
As a result, the government disposed of most schedules.  This
catalog lists the three rolls of microfilm that reproduce the few
remaining 1890 population schedules or fragments and notes the
two-roll index.  These schedules are important because they
included many new questions featured in later censuses.  For
example, the 1890 census asked questions about immigration, a
topic discussed in Immigrant and Passenger Arrivals: A Select
Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications.  This census
also inquired about home ownership.
               This catalog ends with a list of the remaining 1890 Special
Schedules . . . Enumerating Union Veterans and Widows of Veterans
of the Civil War (M123).  These schedules are most important for
providing data about the military service of veterans, including
some Confederates.  This data can help researchers access sources
discussed in Military Service Records.  The information about
post office addresses and sometimes streets and house numbers can
lead outside the National Archives to important nonfederal
records such as deeds, tax lists, and other property records that
are mostly kept at local levels.

Catalog Arrangement
               This catalog arranges the 1790--1890 schedules
chronologically, specifies a microfilm publication number (e.g.,
M637 or T9) for each year, notes the total number of microfilm
rolls, lists each roll at the far left, and then notes the
content of each roll.  The only exception to this chronological
arrangement is that the 1880 Soundex follows the schedules that
they index.
               For each census, this catalog arranges the microfilm rolls
by state or territory, which are alphabetized; next by counties
(parishes in Louisiana), which usually are alphabetized; then
often by cities, towns, or other incorporated places; and last by
wards, precincts, districts, and other so-called minor civil
divisions (MCDs).  After the counties, incorporated places, and
many MCDs for the 1880 schedules, this catalog also notes
enumeration districts (EDs) and some sheet numbers on the
schedules.  The roll listings for some years often note
exceptions; e.g., whether or not a roll covers only part of a
county, excludes certain cities, or features state
recapitulations.  This catalog lists the 1850 and 1860 free
schedules before the separate slave schedules for each state or
territory.  Later discussions furnish additional information
about some roll listings.

Microfilm Problems
               The National Archives acquired the master negative microfilm
rolls from the Bureau of the Census and could not correct some
problems with legibility.  Also, some Census Bureau volume pages
at the beginning of the schedules may omit or misorder counties,
MCDs, or EDs and include other errors that the National Archives
did not create but which this catalog reflects.  The Soundex,
prepared by the Works Progress Administration, and the microfilm
produced by the Bureau of the Census may include additional
problems.  While the National Archives did not have the staff
necessary to detect and correct all these problems, researchers
who identify any are encouraged to report them to the
Publications Branch (NECP), National Archives, Washington, DC
20408.

Census Indexes
               Microfilm information in this catalog and ED descriptions
and maps discussed later usually can furnish historians,
economists, and many other researchers with sufficient
information to seek schedules for an entire county, city, or
large MCD.  But genealogists, biographers, and other researchers
interested in a particular person or family should consult
indexes before selecting and examining a microfilm roll and
seeking data on a particular schedule or schedules in an ED or
small MCD.  The Microfilm Research Room, regional archives, and
numerous libraries or other institutions have many of these
indexes, which appear in microfilmed, microfiched, or published
form.

Privately Printed Indexes
               Privately printed indexes are available for most states or
territories from 1790 through 1870 and for the 1890 special
schedules.  For each state or territory, these indexes typically
alphabetize surnames (last names) and then given (first) names or
other names and initials of heads of families and specify the
county, city, and possibly an MCD.  Researchers should match this
information with the year, state or territory, and other
information that this catalog provides.  After finding the roll,
researchers can search for the page and line numbers on the
schedules that the indexes ordinarily note.
               Many schedules have different kinds of page numbers. 
Forewords to the indexes, though, usually explain the approach
used and may include helpful aids such as census maps, histories,
and bibliographies.  Some indexes for early censuses also
transcribe most census data from the schedules.  This feature
eliminates the need to examine the schedules themselves.

Government Indexes
               The Microfilm Research Room and the 12 regional archives
possess microfilmed indexes that the federal government prepared
or accessioned for the 1790, 1810, 1820, 1880, and 1890 censuses. 
Because of its complexity, Soundex, pertinent to the 1880 census,
is discussed in a separate section.
               The National Archives has also acquired a few General
Reference (GR) or other special microfilm publications from other
repositories or sources that index some census schedules or parts
of the data, including some territorial censuses and special
schedules not covered by this catalog.  This catalog does not
include GR publications, but the location register in the
Microfilm Research Room lists them along with all microfilm
publications produced by the National Archives.  The National
Archives does not sell GR publications, but the public may
acquire copies from the institutions that produced them.
               The Government Printing Office published and indexed the
1790 schedules of 11 states, along with Virginia data that was
reconstructed from state enumerations from 1782 to 1785 and was
intended to replace the missing 1790 schedules.  National
Archives Microfilm Publication T498, noted on page 1 of the
catalog, reproduces these works, which are also commercially
reprinted.  List of Free Black Heads of Families in the First
Census, 1790, Special List 34, compiled by Debra L. Newman
(Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Service, rev.
1974), indexes names of free black heads of families nationwide. 
Also, GR9 and commercial transcriptions index the 1840 census of
Revolutionary War pensioners, which is reproduced on roll 3 of
T498.
               Index to the 1810 Census Schedules for Virginia (T1019) is
like a commercial or private index.  It alphabetizes names,
references counties that this catalog also lists, and notes
volume, page, and line numbers of the schedules.  Volume numbers
that the index notes appear within the microfilm rolls, not in
this catalog.
               For several reasons, Compilation of Tennessee Census
Reports, 1820, which T911 reproduces, is unique.  A private
source prepared this work, and the library of the National
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution in
Washington, DC, lent it to the National Archives for reproduction
as a microfilm publication.  T911 includes alphabetized indexes,
partly transcribes data, and copies an original 1820 schedule
that a local enumerator printed before the federal government set
forth this requirement nationwide.
               Index to the Eleventh Census of the United States (M496)
indexes the remaining 1890 population schedules.  Roll 1 covers
alphabetized surnames from A through J; roll 2, from K through Z. 
After the surname, the given or middle names and also initials
are alphabetized.  The numbers on the right-hand side of the
cards refer to those stamped on the schedules, which are
reproduced on Eleventh Census of the United States, 1890 (M407).
               Commercial indexes to M123, the 1890 special schedules
enumerating veterans and widows of veterans of the Civil War, may
specify MCDs that this catalog does not reference.  In a few
instances, therefore, when the schedules for a particular
jurisdiction appear on more than one microfilm roll, the
researcher may need to examine two or more rolls to find the
correct MCD.  More important to note, the indexes ordinarily omit
page numbers because numbers usually appear in repeated sequences
of 1--4 rather than in a consecutive order for an entire county
or MCD.  A researcher may need to carefully examine all the
schedules for an MCD to find the correct page.

Soundex
               First applied to the 1880 census, Soundex is a phonetic
index, not a strictly alphabetical one.  Its key feature is that
it codes surnames (last names) based on the way a name sounds
rather than on how it is spelled.  For example, surnames that
sound the same but are spelled differently, like Smith and Smyth,
have the same code and are indexed together.  The intent was to
help researchers find a surname quickly even though it may have
received different spellings.  If a name like Cook, though, is
spelled Koch or Faust is Phaust, a search for a different set of
Soundex codes and cards based on the variation of the surname's
first letter is necessary.
               The following six Soundex steps use as an illustration the
1880 census records of Levi Cook of Pennsylvania.  These steps
are coding the surname; finding the Soundex microfilm publication
and roll reproducing cards with the code range; identifying the
Soundex card; using the Soundex data to find the schedule on
microfilm; locating the ED, sheet, and line numbers on the
schedule; and copying or recording the data.
               These steps also apply to the 1900, 1910, and 1920 Soundexes
and the 1910 variation known as Miracode.  The major limitation
of the 1880 Soundex is that it uses Family Cards and Other
Members of Family-Continued Cards only for those families with a
child or children aged 10 or under.  The 1880 Individual Cards,
moreover, pertain only to children within this age range, not to
adults.  Soundexes for all censuses, except the 1910 Miracode,
also include Institution Cards.

Step 1:  Code Surname
               To use Soundex, researchers must first code the surname of
the person or family in which they are interested.  Every Soundex
code consists of a letter and three numbers, such as B-536,
representing names such as Bender.  The letter is always the
first letter of the surname, whether it is a vowel or a
consonant.
               Disregard the remaining vowels (A, E, I, O, and U) as well
as W, Y, and H.  Assign numbers to the next three consonants of
the surname according to the coding guide included in table 1,
but note the exceptions discussed later.  Disregard any remaining
consonants.  If there are not three consonants following the
initial letter, use zeroes to complete the three-digit code.  A
name yielding no code number, such as Lee, would thus be L-000. 
A name with only one code number, such as Cook, would be C-200. 
Further discussion will use this name and code as examples.
               Most surnames can be coded using the guide.  The next
discussions explain exceptions.



                              TABLE 1
                        SOUNDEX CODING GUIDE
After retaining the first letter of the surname and disregarding
the next letters if they are A, E, I, O, U, W, Y, and H, then:

The number . .                                                      Represents
the letters
    1. . . . .                                                           B, P, F, V
    2. . . . .                                                           C, S, K, G,
J, Q, X, Z
    3. . . . .                                                           D, T
    4. . . . .                                                           L
    5. . . . .                                                           M, N
    6. . . . .                                                           R
   
PREFIXES
               If the surname has a prefix, such as D', De, dela, Di, du,
Le, van, or Von, code it both with and without the prefix because
it might be listed under either code.  The surname vanDevanter,
for example, could be V-531 or D-153.  Mc and Mac are not
considered to be prefixes and should be coded like other
surnames.

DOUBLE LETTERS
               If the surname has any double letters, they should be
treated as one letter.  Thus, in the surname Lloyd, the second l
should be crossed out.  In the surname Gutierrez, the second r
should be disregarded.

SIDE-BY-SIDE LETTERS
               A surname may have different side-by-side letters that
receive the same number on the Soundex coding guide.   For
example, the c, k, s in Jackson all receive a number 2 code. 
These letters with the same code should be treated as only one
letter.  In the name Jackson, the k and s should be disregarded. 
This rule also applies to the first letter of a surname, even
though it is not coded.  For example, Pf in Pfister would receive
a number 1 code for both the P and f.   Thus in this name the
letter f should be crossed out, and the code is P-236.

AMERICAN INDIAN AND ASIAN NAMES
               A phonetically spelled American Indian or Asian name was
sometimes coded as if it were one continuous name.  If a
distinguishable surname was given, the name may have been coded
in the normal manner.  For example, Dances with Wolves might have
been coded as Dances (D-522) or as Wolves (W-412), or the name
Shinka-Wa-Sa may have been coded as Shinka (S-520) or Sa (S-000). 
If Soundex cards do not yield expected results, researchers
should consider other surname spellings or variations on coding
names.

FEMALE RELIGIOUS FIGURES
               Nuns or other female religious figures with names such as
Sister Veronica may have been members of households or heads of
households or institutions where a child or children age 10 or
under resided.  Because many of these religious figures do not
use a surname, the Soundexes for the post-1880 censuses
frequently use the code S-236, for Sister, whether or not a
surname exists.  So far as can be determined, though, the Soundex
for the 1880 census does not use the code S-236 for this purpose.
               Because of the limitations of the 1880 Soundex, the number
of cards mentioning a nun or comparable person is likely to be
very small.  If this person was the head of a household or
institution with children, indexers may have coded the head's
surname.  If no surname existed, the indexers may have used the
Not Reported (NR) surname option discussed later.  In either
case, if the household or institution headed by a female
religious figure included a child under 10, the researcher also
can code the child's surname and seek an Individual Card.  No
Individual Card, though, applies to a nun or any other person 10
years or older.

SINGLE-TERM NAMES
               In 1880 many individuals, especially in Alaska or areas with
many Native Americans, may have used only a single-term name such
as Loksi or Hiawatha.  Perhaps not until the 1900s did their
descendants use a surname.  Some researchers, therefore, may need
to code a single-term name as though it was a surname.  If this
rule applies to the head of a family and other family members
have different names, Individual Cards will also pertain to those
members age 10 or younger.

                              TABLE 2
                     EXAMPLES OF SOUNDEX CODING
Name           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           Letters
Coded. . . . .                                                 Coding
Allricht . . .                                                      l, r, c             A-462
Eberhard . . .                                                      b, r, r             E-166
Engebrethson .                                                 n, g, b             E-521
Heimbach . . .                                                      m, b, c             H-512
Hanselmann . .                                                 n, s, l             H-524
Henzelmann . .                                                 n, z, l             H-524
Hildebrand . .                                                 l, d, b             H-431
Kavanagh . . .                                                      v, n, g             K-152
Lind, Van. . .                                                      n, d                L-530
Lukaschowsky .                                                 k, s, s             L-222
McDonnell. . .                                                      c, d, n             M-235
McGee. . . . .                                                      c                   M-200
O'Brien. . . .                                                      b, r, n             O-165
Opnian . . . .                                                      p, n, n             O-155
Oppenheimer. .                                                 p, n, m             O-155
Riedemanas . .                                                 d, m, n             R-355
Zita           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           t                   Z-300
Zitzmeinn. . .                                                      t, z, m             Z-325


Step 2:  Find Soundex Roll
               After coding surnames, the indexers recorded them, along
with other data, on small cards that are reproduced on 2,367
microfilm rolls listed on pages 00-00 in this catalog, which
alphabetically lists the states, District of Columbia, and
territories and specifies a separate Soundex microfilm
publication for each.  After coding a surname, therefore,
researchers must know or speculate where a family, person, or
institution was located in 1880.
               In the roll lists, the Soundex codes are arranged
alphabetically by the first letter of the surnames, and then the
numbers derived from the coding guide are arranged consecutively. 
Table 3, Sample List of Soundex Rolls, shows this arrangement for
the first rolls for Pennsylvania.  In this table, key features
discussed below appear inside brackets.

                              TABLE 3
                    SAMPLE LIST OF SOUNDEX ROLLS
Pennsylvania.  T769.  [State name and microfilm publication]
[Microfilm rolls    Soundex codes for surnames] 
           1.  A-000 thru A-351
           2.  A-352 thru A-450 (K) [First initials within
          parentheses]
               .
               .
               .
          14.  B-600 thru B-620 (J)
          15.  B-620 (J) thru B-624
          16.  B-625 thru B-630
          17.  B-631 thru B-640 (F)
          18.  B-640 (G) thru B-650 (Q)
          19.  B-650 (R) thru B-652
          20.  B-653 thru B-666
          21.  C-000 thru C-200 (I)
          22.  C-200 (J) thru C-316   [Code range for Cook, Levi]
          
               Researchers should match their Soundex code with a range
specified in the catalog.  Table 3 references the code C-200,
which applies to Cook and similar surnames.  Rolls 21 and 22
include cards with this code.
               Often a microfilm roll does not have sufficient space for
all cards with the same codes, and some cards must appear on the
next roll.  In the Soundex listings, large capital letters within
parentheses indicate a break in the cards.  A letter within
parentheses at the far right of a roll listing indicates that the
last card on the roll is for a person whose first initial was
that letter.  The letter after the first code of the next roll is
the initial of the person listed on the first card.
               For example, roll 21 of Pennsylvania's Soundex ends with C-
200, with the letter (I) representing the first initial of a
given name or middle name.  Roll 22 continues with the code C-
200, starting with the initial (J).  Hence, a search for a
Soundex card for Levi Cook should begin with roll 22 of T769.
               Sometimes, as with rolls 14 and 15 of T769, cards with a
particular code and initial may be so numerous or have been
filmed in such a manner that the researcher needs to consult more
than one microfilm roll.  The same situation can occur if mixed
codes exist.  This problem is discussed later.

Step 3:  Identify the Correct Soundex Card
               The Soundex microfilm rolls for the 1880 and later censuses
include four different kinds of cards:  Family Cards, Other
Members of Family---Continued Cards, Individual Cards, and
Institution Cards.  Figures 1--4 show examples of completed
cards.  Explanations of some key features appear within brackets.
               Figures 5--8 include blank facsimiles of the four Soundex
cards.  Boldfaced portions identify essential data for completing
Soundex steps 4 and 5.  Researchers may reproduce these
facsimiles to transcribe data.  With slight modification, these
facsimiles can also be used for the 1900, 1910, and 1920
censuses.
               On the microfilm rolls, divider cards with large handwritten
data usually note the beginning of a new Soundex code.  Soundex
cards then appear.  Figure 1, Family Card (1880 Soundex),
includes an example of the most frequently used kind of card.

                                 Figure 1
                        FAMILY CARD (1880 SOUNDEX) 
Surname codes  Surnames; other names/initials alphabetized  Key data to
access schedule


Refers to Continuation Card below


                                 Figure 2
                 OTHER MEMBERS OF FAMILY---CONTINUED CARD
                              (1880 SOUNDEX)
           Use the data on Family Card above to access schedule
[No Soundex code]

Refers to Family Card above


                                  Figure 3
                      INDIVIDUAL CARD (1880 SOUNDEX)
Surname codes  Surnames; other names/initials alphabetized  Key data to
access schedule


[This card is used because the son's surname is different from the
father's.]


                                 Figure 4
                      INSTITUTION CARD (1880 SOUNDEX)
[Use the same data as on Family and Individual Cards to access
schedule] 
[Institution names are alphabetized, not Soundexed]
 [No data on individuals is recorded.
 Line numbers may appear at right.]


                                 Figure 5
                  FACSIMILE OF FAMILY CARD (1880 SOUNDEX)
               Key data for accessing the schedule are bold

                                 Figure 6
       FACSIMILE OF OTHER MEMBERS OF FAMILY---CONTINUED CARD  (1880
SOUNDEX)
          Use bold key data on Family Card to access the schedule

                                 Figure 7
                FACSIMILE OF INDIVIDUAL CARD (1880 SOUNDEX)
               Key data for accessing the schedule are bold

                                 Figure 8
               FACSIMILE OF INSTITUTION CARD (1880 SOUNDEX)
               Key data for accessing the schedule are bold

               Below the coded surname at the top left of the card, the
surname and then first name of the head of the family ordinarily
appear as recorded on the schedule, which did not require a
middle name or initial.  Surnames on the cards are seldom
arranged alphabetically, since Soundex coding largely serves this
purpose, but first names ordinarily are arranged alphabetically.
               Researchers should find the card or cards with information
that best matches their knowledge of the person or family being
studied, including such factors as color, age, birthplace, and
address.  The appendix, Abbreviations and Terms Used in Soundex
Cards, is applicable to the 1880, 1900, 1910, and 1920 Soundex.
It can help researchers determine the relationships of persons to
the head of the family and thus facilitate a search for the
correct card.  This information appears on the Soundex cards,
except the Institution cards, in the column or on the line
entitled "Relationship."  In figure 1, for example, the W
following Mary Cook's name means that she was Levi Cook's wife. 
The S designates Ervin and William as Levi's sons.
               Researchers can record information from a Family Card onto
the facsimile included in figure 5 and then proceed to research
step 4: finding the microfilm roll with the census schedule.  The
most important information to record is: state or territory;
volume, ED, sheet, and line numbers; county, city, and MCD.
               Part or all of the jurisdictional data and frequently the
sheet number are essential for the fourth research step.  For
example, in figure 2, the key data on the card for Levi Cook is
Pennsylvania; volume 82, ED 21, sheet 8, line 15; and Somerset
County, Shade [Township].  The volume number, sheet number, and
line number noted on the Soundex card are pertinent to the fifth
step: locating the schedules on the microfilm roll.

Intervening Problems
               Many researchers may be able to proceed to step 4 without
difficulty, but some persons may encounter problems that warrant
discussion here. 

OTHER SOUNDEX CARDS
               Frequently, if families include more than six members, the
Family Card is followed by a related card, shown in figure 2,
Other Members of Family---Continued Card (1880 Soundex).  The
card in this figure lists Susanna Cook, Levi Cook's youngest
daughter.  For very large families, more than one of these cards
may appear.  Handwritten numbers at the bottom of the cards refer
to the first card (e.g., "#2, see #1").
               Although the continuation card, shown blank in figure 6,
notes the name of the head of family and name, relationship, age,
and birthplace of the other family member, this card excludes
other personal information such as color and sex.  It also omits
most jurisdictional data found on the Family Card such as the
county, city, MCD, and ED.  The researcher must use this data
from the Family Card to proceed to the next step.
               Some researchers may need to search for a third kind of
Soundex card, an Individual Card (figure 3).  A blank card
appears in figure 7.  This card contains data only on a child age
10 or under who (1) had a surname different from the head of
family, or who (2) was not an immediate member of a family (e.g.,
stepson or nephew), or who (3) resided in an institution without
a family.  For the first two purposes, the Individual Card
duplicates part of the information on a Family Card, cross-
references a census schedule, and thus facilitates a search for
schedules.  For the third purpose, the Individual Card ordinarily
is the only card referencing a particular child.  In any case,
researchers should record data from the Individual Card onto the
facsimile and proceed to step 4.
               Some researchers who cannot find a person listed on the
first three kinds of Soundex cards may want to consider the
fourth kind of card, an Institution Card (figure 4).  Figure 8
includes a blank facsimile.
               Institution cards appear at the end of the last roll of
Soundex microfilm for a state or territory.  For example, roll
168 of Pennsylvania's Soundex includes "Y-630 thru Institutions."
               The Institution Cards, unlike the three other Soundex cards,
are alphabetically arranged, not phonetically coded, by the first
name of the institution.  The card shown in figure 4 was the
first to appear in roll 168 because it names an institution whose
name began with A---Adams County, PA, Poorhouse.  The institution
cards exclude personal data on individuals and, at most, may note
only the number of inhabitants.
               Institution Cards include jurisdictional data necessary to
find the correct census schedules (e.g., state, county, city, and
ED).  Street and house numbers also often appear on the cards. 
The cards exclude a printed heading for MCDs, but as figure 4
suggests, some indexers inserted this information on the line for
city.  Also, the cards have no caption for line numbers pertinent
to the schedules, but some indexers inserted this information
near the line for sheet number.
               Knowing or suspecting that an individual lived in an
institution, a researcher can easily find the schedule using an
Institution Card without looking at other kinds of cards.  In a
single microfilm publication, moreover, these cards can help
historians, economists, and other researchers obtain information
about institutions for an entire state or territory.

NOT-REPORTED DATA
               A few features in the arrangement of Soundex cards also may
pose research problems.  For example, after the coded surnames
and full surnames, most of these cards include alphabetized given
names.  Occasionally, though, some persons gave the enumerator
only a surname, without any given or middle name, or the indexer
may have found this information missing or illegible.  Under
these circumstances, Not Reported (NR) or a blank can appear on a
card after a surname.  Cards with this NR feature appear first
within a code.
               On census schedules, after the surname, some enumerators may
have recorded only initials for a person or an initial before the
middle name.  Such cards are arranged alphabetically and may
appear after those with the NR-first name.  They ordinarily
precede cards with full names bearing the same first letter.
               The indexers may also have encountered an NR surname, with
or without a given name and initials.  Cards with an NR surname
for the head of family are on the last Soundex roll for a state
or territory, usually before the Institution Cards.  Roll 34 of
California's Soundex (T737) states "Not Reported thru
Institutions," but most roll listings in this catalog do not
reference this feature.
               The NR-surname cards may include enough personal information
such as color, sex, age, street, and house number to identify a
person.  Some cards also list members of the family or household
by surname and may include an indexer's remarks about possible
relationships.  Especially in the latter situation, these cards
may help a researcher identify a person and justify a search of
the schedule.

MIXED CODES
               Another frequent Soundex problem is "mixed codes," which
means that codes on the cards may appear in random,
nonconsecutive order; e.g., M-200 is followed by M-190, M-205,
and then by M-189.  In these instances, which divider cards
usually note, researchers should disregard the codes and focus on
the alphabetized given names and initials or other arrangements
discussed earlier.  In some instances, mixed codes may require
that the researcher consult more than one microfilm roll.
               If researchers exhaust all these options and still cannot
find a pertinent Soundex card, again, it is advisable to try
various spellings of the surname and new codings.  Another option
is to explore ED descriptions and maps, which are discussed
later.

Step 4:  Find Microfilmed Schedule
               After researchers record pertinent data from a Soundex card,
they should consult pages 00-00 of the catalog, which pertains to
Tenth Census of the United States, 1880 (T9).  The 1,454 rolls
reproduce the 1880 schedules that the Soundex indexes.  Figure 9,
Sample Roll Listings for 1880 Census (Microfilm Publication T9),
shows the standard arrangement of microfilm rolls.
               This catalog alphabetically lists the states, District of
Columbia, and territories; references the microfilm rolls at the
far left; and then describes their coverage.  The arrangement
first cites the names of counties, which usually are in
alphabetical order.  Names of cities often appear separately from
counties.  Roll 1188 in figure 9, for example, covers part of the
city of Philadelphia.  Within cities or large urban areas, MCDs
such as wards may be numbered and then usually listed in
consecutive order.
               Within counties, cities, or MCDs, EDs are the next most
important data that the catalog notes, often in numerical order. 
In figure 9, rolls 1190--1194 pertain to Schuylkill County, EDs
1--238.  In many instances, the catalog notes that rolls include
certain sheets for an ED or other jurisdiction.
               Researchers should match the county, city, MCD, ED, and
sheet number listed on the Soundex card with the information or
range provided in the catalog.  The number at the far left of
this information designates the microfilm roll number that
reproduces the pertinent schedule.


                                 Figure 9
      SAMPLE ROLL LISTINGS FOR 1880 CENSUS (MICROFILM PUBLICATION T9)
          State and Territorial Names are Alphabetized in Catalog

Roll numbers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Counties, MCDs,          Roll
numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Counties, MCDs,
               . . . . . . . . . . . . . .EDs, and sheets noted                    EDs, and
sheets
               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .on Soundex cards.                         noted on
               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                         Soundex
cards.


Step 5:  Locate ED, Sheet, and Line Numbers on Schedule
               At the beginning of a microfilm roll, a large handwritten
number such as "T9, 1195" ordinarily confirms that the researcher
is viewing the 1880 microfilm publication and the correct roll
selected from the catalog entries.  Next, a volume page indicates
the coverage of the schedules.  Figure 10, Sample Volume Page
Introducing 1880 Census Schedules in T9, includes an example
found at the beginning of roll 1195 of T9.  Some microfilm rolls
may have additional volume pages throughout the roll.
               The Soundex card in figure 1 notes that the schedule
enumerating Levi Cook appears in Pennsylvania, volume 82, which
is same number shown in figure 10.  This volume page also states
that some schedules pertain to Somerset County, confirming
information on the Soundex card.  Researchers should disregard
the large numbers at the bottom of the volume page (201--663 in
this example).
               In some cases, volume pages may record inaccurate
information about EDs or other jurisdictions.  The researcher may
need to carefully scan the roll preceding or following the one
that seems correct.

                                 Figure 10
VOLUME PAGE INTRODUCING 1880 CENSUS SCHEDULES IN T9

A microfilm roll may
have more than one
volume page.  The page 
may include errors.

State, volume number,
and counties are noted
on the Soundex card.

Disregard these page
numbers.  Soundex
cards use other numbers.


               After the volume page, the schedules should be arranged in
the order stated in the catalog.  Figure 11, Top Part of an 1880
Census Schedule, includes an example that enumerates Levi Cook
and his family.
               The 1880 schedule consists of four sides.  A large printed A
and C usually appear on the front side; a B and D, on the back. 
Enumerators usually recorded the names of the city, county, and
state and the number or name of the ward or other MCD only on the
front of the schedule, not on the back.  In figure 11, for
example, these spaces were originally blank.
               Handwritten ED numbers are on the upper left side, on the
third line, under the line marked "Supervisor's District."  In
figure 11, for example, the faintly written number 21 corresponds
to that recorded on the Soundex card.


                                 Figure 11
                    TOP PART OF AN 1880 CENSUS SCHEDULE

PAGE OR SHEET NUMBER
[ED NUMBER]   [Shade Township, the MCD]  [Somerset]  [Pennsylvania]
[LINE NUMBERS]
[Levi Cook, line 15]


               The researcher should next match the sheet number recorded
on the Soundex card with the page number on the first line of the
upper left side of the schedule.  On the card for Levi Cook, for
example, the sheet number is 9, which corresponds to that on the
schedule in figure 11.  The handwritten numbers on the schedules
ordinarily start at 1 in each ED and continue consecutively on
each sheet, A--D.  Disregard the stamped numbers usually at the
right side of the schedules, such as number 434 on figure 11. 
These numbers ordinarily start at the beginning of a volume and
continue consecutively through all EDs, appearing on every other
sheet.
               Both sides of the 1880 schedules list lines 1--50 for
enumerating persons.  Researchers should use the line number
shown on the Soundex card to complete the search for the family,
individual, or institution covered by the Soundex card.  For
example, the Soundex card for Levi Cook notes line 15.  In figure
11, an arrow points to this line.

Step 6:  Copy or Record Data
               After researchers find the correct schedule, they can
transcribe the data or make reproductions of the schedule on
microfilm copier machines.  For a small fee, the National
Archives also formally certifies its census records.

Enumeration District Descriptions and Maps
               Researchers who cannot find a name in Soundex or in a
commercial index may want to consult enumeration district (ED)
descriptions and maps before undertaking the time-consuming task
of examining all the schedules for a county or locality.  These
aids narrow the search for an individual schedule and also can
help researchers seeking schedules for a particular locality,
MCD, or neighborhood not mentioned in the catalog.  An overview
of these aids appears in Bruce Carpenter, "Using Soundex
Alternatives:  Enumeration Districts, 1880--1920," Prologue:
Quarterly of the National Archives 25 (Spring 1993): 90--93.  A
case study on the approach appears in Keith R. Schlesinger, "An
Urban Finding Aid for the Federal Census," in Our Family, Our
Town: Essays on Family and Local History Sources in the National
Archives, comp. Timothy Walch (Washington, DC: National Archives
and Records Administration, 1987), pp. 126--140.
               An ED refers to the area assigned to a single census-taker
to count persons and prepare schedules within one census period. 
ED descriptions pertinent to the schedules covered by this
catalog are in Descriptions of Census Enumeration Districts,
1830--1890 and 1910--1950 (T1224).  Table 4, ED Descriptions,
1830--90, in T1224, explains coverage of the 17 rolls pertinent
to this catalog.  A roll listing in the Microfilm Research Room
provides additional details, including those pertinent to post-
1890 censuses.  All the rolls in T1224 may be purchased.

                                  TABLE 4
                    ED DESCRIPTIONS, 1830--90, IN T1224
         An asterisk (*) notes alphabetized states and territories
Census Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Roll Number     Remarks
1830-40. . . .                                                 1              Arranged by
region
1850-60 *. . .                                                 2              No 1850
data for Oregon Territory
1870           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      3              No data for
Montana Territory but
               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     separate
category for "Indians---
               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     All States"
1880 * . . . .                                                 4--6
                                                                    No data for
                                                                    Alabama,
                                                                    Arizona
                                                                    Territory,
                                                                    Arkansas,
                                                                    California,
                                                                    Colorado,
                                                                    Connecticut,
                                                                    Montana
                                                                    Territory,
                                                                    Ohio,
                                                                    Oregon,
                                                                    Pennsylvania
                                                                    , and
                                                                    Wisconsin. 
                                                                    Roll 4, DK--
                                                                    KY; roll 5,
                                                                    LA--MO; and
                                                                    roll 6, NB--
                                                                    WY.
1890 * . . . .                                                 7--17
                                                               Roll 7, AL--
                                                               DE; roll 8,
                                                               DC--IL; roll
                                                               9, IN--KS;
                                                               roll 10, KY-
                                                               -MD; roll
                                                               11, MA--MN;
                                                               roll 12, MS-
                                                               -NM; roll
                                                               13, NY; roll
                                                               14, NC--OR;
                                                               roll 15, PA;
                                                               roll 16, RI-
                                                               -TX; roll
                                                               17, UT--WY


               The title of T1224 contains a misnomer because EDs, strictly
defined, were not used until the 1880 census.  The early censuses
used the term subdivision to refer to part of a supervisor's or
marshal's division or district.  Subdivisions in the early
censuses comprised towns, townships, or other units comparable to
MCDs.
               Most early ED descriptions are general and largely served as
documentation of the names of enumerators and rates of pay.  They
may simply state that a census taker had to enumerate an entire
county or an unspecified part of a subdivision.  Beginning with
1850, the ED descriptions became increasingly detailed.
               To use ED descriptions in T1224, a researcher should try to
determine the location of a family, person, or institution in a
certain census year.  Especially for the late 1800s, death and
birth certificates, city directories, tax records, or other
sources may provide this information.  The National Archives,
though, has few of these records, which usually may be found in
state or local repositories.
               At a minimum, the researcher must determine the state or
territory and try to identify the county.  Descriptions found in
T1224 may help narrow the search for the pertinent microfilm roll
and for the schedules within a roll by specifying in what county
certain localities (including MCDs, neighborhoods, or post
offices) were in certain census years.
               The 1880--90 descriptions are the most detailed, especially
regarding urban areas, noting street names or ranges and
specifying the corresponding EDs.  An excerpted example using
Cook County, IL, appears in figure 12, Enumeration District
Description (1880).  This example lists street ranges in the
middle of the page and post office addresses at the right.  An
arrow points to the corresponding ED numbers at the far left. 
This information can help the researcher find the correct
microfilm roll for the 1880 schedules and speculate on the
location of that ED's schedule within the roll.
               For example, the post office at 2924 Fifth Avenue in Chicago
included the fifth ward.  This neighborhood was in ED 31, marked
in figure 12.  According to the roll listings in this catalog,
schedules for this ward and ED are likely to be on roll 187 of
T9.
               The same research steps can help researchers find the 1890--
1920 schedules, but most ED numbers changed for each census.

                                 Figure 12
                  ENUMERATION DISTRICT DESCRIPTION (1880)
After matching a person's address or location with a post office
address or street name or range shown below, use the ED number at
the far left to help find the microfilm roll that copies that
ED's census schedules.

ED numbers . .                                                      Street         Post-
office
matching those . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           names or       
addresses
in the catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      ranges

ED 31

               Maps can complement ED descriptions or provide substitutes
for them.  For censuses from 1790 through 1820, commercially or
privately published maps are especially helpful and practical
because the National Archives does not have ED descriptions and
specially marked ED maps for these years.  Many commercial
indexes for censuses include maps for a particular year and
state; if researchers know approximately where a family lived in
a state, these maps can help identify the county and the
corresponding microfilm roll listed in this catalog.  William
Thorndale and William Dollarhide, Map Guide to the U.S. Federal
Census, 1790--1920 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company,
1992) is especially useful in identifying counties and many
localities in existence in early census years.
               While the National Archives research rooms have some maps
that can help researchers, the agency's Cartographic and
Architectural Branch has some specially marked ED ("office copy")
maps.  They show streets, locations, or neighborhoods within
cities and specify the ED.
               Cartographic Records of the Bureau of the Census,
Preliminary Inventory (PI) 103 (Washington, DC: National Archives
and Records Service, 1958) discusses ED maps available in the
National Archives.  The appendix to PI 103 lists the maps by
alphabetizing the names of states, specifying counties or other
localities, and noting availability for the years 1880--1940.
               The National Archives has no pre-1880 ED maps, and maps for
the 1880 census exist for only Washington, DC, Rockwall County,
TX, and Atlanta in Fulton County, GA.  Part of the last map
appears in figure 13, Enumeration District Description Map
(1880).  The large handwritten numbers are ED numbers
corresponding to those in this catalog.
               Only 11 ED maps exist for the 1890 census, and none pertains
to the remaining schedules.  One exception is the map of
Washington, DC, which shows part of the area to which a few
schedules pertain; but this map is far less helpful than M496,
the alphabetical index, in locating these schedules.
               Beginning in 1900, maps pertinent to censuses became more
numerous and detailed.  To order a copy, researchers should
consult the appendix in PI 103 and write to the Cartographic and
Architectural Branch (NNSC), National Archives, Washington, DC 
20408.  Prices vary with the map size.  Even full-scale maps,
though, may be difficult to read, especially because black-and-
white copies may obscure colored ED boundaries.

                                 Figure 13
               ENUMERATION DISTRICT DESCRIPTION MAP (1880)  
The large handwritten numbers indicate ED numbers.  After finding
a person's street, location, or neighborhood on an ED map for a
city or jurisdiction, match the ED number with one that this
catalog notes as part of T9, the microfilm publication
reproducing the 1880 census schedules.  Researchers may use the
same step regarding ED maps for later censuses.

[ED NUMBER]

               National Archives maps can help with research on other 
topics in addition to censuses.  The Library of Congress also has
many fire insurance, cadastral, and real property maps that can
complement National Archives maps and help with the use of ED
descriptions.

Other Schedules
               While this catalog focuses on decennial population
schedules, the National Archives has custody of numerous other
federal census records that can supplement and enrich
genealogical projects and other research.  Many of these records
are microfilmed and can be purchased.
               The government occasionally conducted territorial and
special censuses in interdecennial periods; for example, the 1885
special census enumerated five states and territories.  The
government also used many special or supplemental schedules to
collect nonpopulation data, which mostly concern manufacturing,
agriculture, social statistics, and mortality (causes of death)
in the year before the decennial census.  The 1880 census, for
example, included 4 supplemental schedules as well as 12 special
manufacturing schedules and 7 schedules involving the defective,
dependent, and delinquent classes.
               Details on many of these records appear in Guide to
Genealogical Research in the National Archives, chapter 1.  Table
4 of the Guide (pp. 15--17) identifies most of the microfilm
publications for the mortality schedules; section 1.2 of chapter
1 (pp. 22--35) discusses each state's special census schedules
and problems.  National Archives Microfilm Resources for
Research: A Comprehensive Catalog (pp. 63--64) notes other
nonpopulation and territorial censuses as well as special aids
and Bureau of the Census publications.  The location register in
the Microfilm Research Room lists a few additional microfilm
publications.
               Numerous details on little-known census records, including
unmicrofilmed records, also appear in Records of the Bureau of
the Census, PI 161 (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records
Service, 1964).  This free work is available from the National
Archives Fulfillment Center.  Ordering information is on p. 00. 
Researchers interested in unmicrofilmed records covered by PI 161
or in other census-related topics may write to the Civil
Reference Branch (NNRC), National Archives, Washington, DC 
20408.

Research Hints
               A few tips here may help broaden or facilitate research.

   The 1810 census includes some schedules or fragments dealing
with that year's census of manufactures.  For coverage, see PI
161, appendix IX.

   Some transcribed data on the 1820 census of manufactures
appears in T911, Compilation of Tennessee Census Reports, 1820.

   In some cities, the government conducted second enumerations
because of questions about the accuracy of the first. 
Researchers should determine whether or not two microfilm rolls
copy schedules for the same area.  For example, rolls 975 and
1014 of M593, Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, copy
schedules for New York City, ward 1.

   A fire destroyed most of the 1870 Minnesota schedules.  M593,
rolls 716--719, copies the remaining federal schedules, while
T132 reproduces the state copy.  T132 also is noteworthy because
it includes some mortality schedules interfiled with the
population schedules.

   The 1880 census included a special enumeration of Indians
living near military installations in California and in the
Washington and Dakota Territories.  For information about the
schedules, which are in four unmicrofilmed volumes, researchers
should contact the Civil Reference Branch (NNRC), at the above
address.

Additional Guidance
               To accelerate research, the public may attend National
Archives workshops and courses on census schedules and related
records.  For monthly information on this program in Washington,
DC, researchers should request the Calendar of Events by writing
to the Public Affairs Staff (NXI), National Archives, Washington,
DC 20408.  Researchers may contact each regional archives about
its own genealogy education program.  Information on these
regional programs appears in the "Genealogy Notes" section of
Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives.  To receive a
subscription form for this quarterly or for literature about
National Archives records in addition to censuses, researchers
should write to:
               National Archives Fulfillment Center (NEDC)
               8700 Edgeworth Drive
               Capitol Heights, MD  20743-3701
               (telephone 301-763-1896 or 1-800-788-6282/fax 301-763-6025)

               Free literature includes two sales brochures, Aids for
Genealogical Research and National Archives 1993 Publications. 
These brochures are especially helpful for purchasing microfilm
catalogs, including 1900 Federal Population Census, The 1910
Federal Population Census, and The 1920 Federal Population
Census.
               Other free literature includes Using Records in the National
Archives for Genealogical Research, General Information Leaflet
(GIL) No. 5; Military Service Records in the National Archives of
the United States, GIL No. 7; Information about the National
Archives for Prospective Researchers, GIL No. 30; The Regional
Archives System of the National Archives, GIL No. 22;  Fast Facts
About the 1920 Census, GIL No. 43, which explains the most
current publicly released decennial census; and Select List of
Publications of the National Archives and Records Administration,
GIL 3, which covers many additional free works such as
preliminary inventories and reference information papers.  GIL
No. 5 is also important because it includes guidance on how to
formally cite microfilmed census records.

Census Availability and Access
               Microfilmed copies of census records are available at the 
National Archives Building in Washington, DC, at NARA's 12
regional archives, and at many large libraries and genealogical
societies that have purchased all or some of the microfilm.  The
public can also request mail-order paper copies of census
schedules, rent the microfilm, or purchase microfilm rolls.

Ordering Paper Copies by Mail
               The National Archives in Washington, DC, can provide paper
copies of specifically identified pages of federal population
census schedules through the mail.  To receive this photocopying
service, use Order for Copies of Census Records, NATF Form 82
(rev. 1992) and provide the following information: the name of
the individual, the page number, census year, state, and county. 
Researchers may request copies of NATF Form 82 by writing to the
Reference Services Branch (NNRS), National Archives, Washington,
DC 20408.  For the 1880 through 1920 censuses, the enumeration
district is also necessary.  Ordinarily, it is possible to use a
government or privately printed census index to locate this
information.

National Archives Microfilm Rental Program
               The National Archives Microfilm Rental Program offers
microfilm of federal population schedules from 1790 through 1920
and Soundexes from 1880 through 1920.  The program also rents
microfilm of American Revolutionary War military service records
and indexes, pension files, and bounty-land warrant files.  For a
free brochure that describes the program, write or call National
Archives Microfilm Rental Program, P.O. Box 30, Annapolis
Junction, MD 20701-0030, 301-604-3699. 

Buying the Microfilm
               Microfilm copies of census records are also available for
purchase.  The schedules are on 35mm microfilm; the Soundex is on
16mm.  Schedules for an entire county or enumeration district may
be on one or more rolls of microfilm.  
               All microfilm publications of National Archives records are
for sale.  You can buy either individual rolls or a complete set
(all rolls).  The prices as of August 1, 1990, for silver-halide
positive film copies are $23 a roll for domestic orders and $30
for foreign orders.  Shipping is included in these prices.  These
prices are subject to change without advance notice.  Checks and
money orders should be made payable to the "National Archives
Trust Fund (NEDC)."  VISA and MasterCard are also accepted. 
Credit card orders must include the expiration date and the
cardholder's signature.  Do NOT send cash.  Federal, state, and
local government agencies only may purchase microfilm on an
accounts-receivable basis, but they must submit a signed purchase
order within 10 working days of placing an order.  U.S. Treasury
regulations require a minimum amount of $25 for foreign checks. 
To order microfilm, write to:
                                                               National
Archives Trust Fund (NEDC)
                                                               P.O. Box
100793
                                                               Atlanta, GA 
30384                                                          

               When ordering microfilm, please state the microfilm
publication number; if you are not buying a complete set, also 
state the specific roll numbers.
               Check your order immediately upon receipt for errors,
completeness, or damage in shipping.  You must notify the
Fulfillment Center of any problems within 60 days.  Do not return
microfilm orders without written permission from the Fulfillment
Center.
               For more information on how to order or for help identifying
which rolls of a publication you may wish to purchase, please
contact the
               National Archives Fulfillment Center (NEDC)
               8700 Edgeworth Drive
               Capitol Heights, MD 20743-3701 
               (telephone 301-763-1896 or 1-800-788-6282/fax 301-763-6025)
Include in your inquiry the census year, the state, and the
county or enumeration district.  
               Copies of National Archives microfilm publications may also
be purchased from Scholarly Resources, Inc., 104 Greenhill
Avenue, Wilmington, DE  19805 (telephone 302-654-7713/fax 302-
654-3871).  Copies available for sale from other sources have not
been authorized or duplicated by the National Archives and may be
one or more generations removed from the master materials---
adversely affecting the quality and legibility of each image.


               Wayne B. Cook, an archives specialist in the Education
Branch, Office of Public Programs, wrote this revised
introduction and prepared the figures and tables.  Mary C. Ryan,
in the Publications Branch, Office of Public Programs, edited the
new material.  The following staff members of the National
Archives contributed to the preparation of this revised catalog. 
Office of Public Programs: Charles W. Bender, Linda N. Brown,
Sandra Glasser, Henry J. Gwiazda, Nancy Mottershaw, Richard B.
Smith, and Serene Feldman Werblood; Office of the National
Archives: Samuel Anthony, John Dwyer, Allan Hunt, Deborah
Lelansky, Constance Potter, Clarence Simmons, and Charles Taylor;
Office of Special and Regional Archives: Rosanne Butler, Celia
Ceffalo, Kellee Blake, Bill Greene, Helen Lewis, Greg Plunges,
and Suzanne Dewberry.


Select Bibliography
               In addition to the works mentioned in this introduction,
most of which are described in Aids for Genealogical Research,
the following literature includes chapters or information that
may help with census research.  Bibliographies in the commercial
works refer to additional helpful sources.  Also, the National
Archives sells many commercial works not listed here that explain
census research.  An asterisk (*) below notes two National
Archives works that are out of print, but researchers may examine
copies in the National Archives library.

Delle Donne, Carmen R. Federal Census Schedules, 1850--1880:
Primary Sources for Historical Research. Reference Information
Paper 67. National Archives and Records Service, 1973. *

Eakle, Arlene and Johni Cerny, eds.  The Source: A Guidebook of
American Genealogy.  Salt Lake City: Ancestry Inc., 1984.

Federal Population and Mortality Census Schedules, 1790--1910, in
the National Archives and the States: Outline of a Lecture on
Their Availability, Content and Use.  Special List 24. National
Archives and Records Service, 1982. Microfiche.

Fishbein, Meyer H. The Censuses of Manufactures, 1810--1890.
Reference Information Paper 50. National Archives and Records
Service, 1973. *

Greene, Evarts B. and Virginia D. Harrington.  American
Population Before the Federal Census of 1790.  Baltimore: 
Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., reprint 1993.

Greenwood, Val D.  The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy. 
2d ed.  Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1990.

Guide to the National Archives of the United States.  Washington,
DC:  National Archives and Records Administration, rev. 1987.

Lainhart, Ann S.  State Census Records.  Baltimore: Genealogical
Publishing Company, Inc., 1992.

Publications of the Bureau of the Census, 1790--1916.  National
Archives Microfilm Publication T825 (42 rolls).

Szucs, Loretto Dennis and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking.  The
Archives: A Guide to the National Archives Field Branches. Salt
Lake City: Ancestry, Inc. 1988.

Wright, Carroll D. and William C. Hunt.  The History and Growth
of the United States Census.  56th Cong., 1st sess. S. Doc. 194.
Serial 3856.  (A commercial reprint is available.)


Regional Archives System
The hours of operation noted for each regional archives are
subject to change.  For current information, please call the
numbers listed below.

Director
National Archives--Regional Archives System (NSR)
7th and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC  20408
Phone: 202-501-5340

National Archives--New England Region
380 Trapelo Road
Waltham, MA  02154
Phone: 617-647-8100
Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m., Monday--Friday
                 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m., first Saturday of each month    
Areas Served: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island, and Vermont


National Archives--Northeast Region
201 Varick Street
New York, NY 10014
Phone: 212-337-1300
Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m., Monday--Friday
                 8:30 a.m.--4:00 p.m., third Saturday of each month    
Area Served: New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin
Islands

National Archives--Mid Atlantic Region
9th and Market Streets, Room 1350
Philadelphia, PA  19107
Phone: 215-597-3000
Hours: 8:00 a.m.--5:00 p.m., Monday--Friday
                 8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m., second Saturday of each month        
Area Served: Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia

National Archives--Southeast Region
1557 St. Joseph Avenue
East Point, GA  30344
Phone: 404-763-7477
Hours: 7:30 a.m.--4:30 p.m., Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday
                 7:30 a.m.--9:30 p.m., Tuesday
                 9:00 a.m.--5:00 p.m., second Saturday of each month        
Area Served: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee

National Archives--Great Lakes Region
7358 South Pulaski Road
Chicago, IL  60629
Phone: 312-581-7816
Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:15 p.m., Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday
                 8:00 a.m.--8:30 p.m., Tuesday
                 8:00 a.m.--4:15 p.m., second Saturday of each month        
Area Served: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
Wisconsin

National Archives--Central Plains Region
2312 East Bannister Road
Kansas City, MO  64131
Phone: 816-926-6272
Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m., Monday, Wednesday, Friday
                 8:00 a.m.--8:00 p.m., Tuesday and Thursday.   
Area Served: Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska

National Archives--Southwest Region
501 West Felix Street
P.O. Box 6216
Fort Worth, TX  76115
Phone: 817-334-5525
Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m. Monday--Friday
Area Served: Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas

National Archives--Rocky Mountain Region
Building 48, Denver Federal Center
P.O. Box 25307
Denver, CO  80225
Phone: 303-236-0817
Hours: 7:30 a.m.--4:00 p.m., Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday
                 7:30 a.m.--5:00 p.m., Wednesday . . . . . .   
Area Served: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah,
and Wyoming


National Archives--Pacific Southwest Region
24000 Avila Road
P.O. Box 6719
Laguna Niguel, CA  92607
Phone: 714-643-4241
Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m., Monday--Friday
                 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m. first Saturday of each month     
Area Served: Arizona; southern California counties of Imperial,
Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San
Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura; and Clark
County, Nevada

National Archives--Pacific Sierra Region
1000 Commodore Drive
San Bruno, CA  94066
Phone: 415-876-9009
Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:15 p.m., Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday
                 8:00 a.m.--8:15 p.m., Wednesday . . . . . .   
Area Served: North California, Hawaii, Nevada (except Clark
County), American Samoa, and the Pacific Ocean area

National Archives--Pacific Northwest Region
6125 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA  98115
Phone: 206-526-6507
Hours: 7:45 a.m.--4:00 p.m., Monday--Friday
                 5:00 a.m.--9:00 p.m., one Saturday each month .    
Area Served: Idaho, Oregon, and Washington 

National Archives--Alaska Region
654 West Third Avenue
Anchorage, AK  99501
Phone: 907-271-2441
Hours:  8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m., Monday--Friday
                  8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m., first Saturday of each month        
Area Served: AlaskaAppendix
ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS USED IN SOUNDEX CARDS
A ........ Aunt
Ad ....... Adopted
AdCl ..... Adopted child
AdD .....  Adopted daughter
AdGcl .... Adopted grandchild
AdM ...... Adopted mother
AdS ...... Adopted son
Al ....... Aunt-in-law
Ap ....... Apprentice
Asst ..... Assistant
At ....... Attendant
B ........ Brother
Bar ...... Bartender
BBoy ..... Bound boy
BGirl .... Bound girl
Bl ....... Brother-in-law
Bo ....... Boarder
Boy ...... Boy
Bu ....... Butler
C ........ Cousin
Cap ...... Captain
Cha ...... Chamber Maid
Cil ...... Cousin-in-law
Cl ....... Child
Coa ...... Coachman
Com ...... Companion
Cook ..... Cook
D ........ Daughter
Dl ....... Daughter-in-law
Dla ...... Day laborer
Dom ...... Domestic
Dw ....... Dish washer
Emp ...... Employee
En ....... Engineer
F ........ Father
FaH ...... Farm hand
FaL ...... Farm laborer
FaW ...... Farm worker
FB ....... Foster brother
FF ....... Foster father
Fi ....... Fireman
First C .. First cousin
FL ....... Father-in-law
FM ....... Foster mother
FoB ...... Foster brother
FoS ...... Foster son
FoSi ..... Foster sister
GA ....... Great aunt
Gcl ...... Grandchild
GD ....... Granddaughter
GF ....... Grandfather
GGF ...... Great-grandfather
GGGF ..... Great-great-grandfather
GGGM ..... Great-great-grandmother
GGM ...... Great-grandmother
GM ....... Grandmother
Gml ...... Grandmother-in-law   
GN ....... Grand or great nephew
GNi ...... Grand or great niece
Go ....... Governess
God Cl ... God child
GS ....... Grandson
Gsl ...... Grand son-in-law
GU ....... Great uncle
Gua ...... Guardian
Guest .... Guest
Hb ....... Half brother
Hbl ...... Half brother-in-law
He ....... Herder
Help ..... Help
H.Gi ..... Hired girl
Hh ....... Hired hand
Hk ....... Housekeeper
Hlg ...... Hireling
Hm ....... Hired man
HMaid .... Housemaid
HSi ...... Half sister
HSil ..... Half sister-in-law
Husband .. Husband
Hw ....... Houseworker
I ........ Inmate
L ........ Lodger
La ....... Laborer
Lau ...... Launderer
M ........ Mother
Maid ..... Maid
Man ...... Manager
Mat ...... Matron
ML ....... Mother-in-law
N ........ Nephew
Ni ....... Niece
Nil ...... Niece-in-law
Nl ....... Nephew-in-law
Nu ....... Nurse
O ........ Officer
P ........ Patient
Pa ....... Partner
Ph ....... Physician
Por ...... Porter
Pr ....... Prisoner
Pri ...... Principal
Prv ...... Private
Pu ....... Pupil
R ........ Roomer
S ........ Son
Sa ....... Sailor
Sal ...... Saleslady
Sb ....... Stepbrother
Sbl ...... Step brother-in-law
Scl ...... Step child
Sd ....... Stepdaugther
Sdl ...... Step daughter-in-law
Se ....... Servant
Se.Cl .... Servant's child
Sf ....... Stepfather
Sfl ...... Step father-in-law
Sgd ...... Step granddaughter
Sgs ...... Step grandson
Si ....... Sister
Sl ....... Son-in-law
Sm ....... Stepmother
Sml ...... Step mother-in-law
Ss ....... Stepson
Ssi ...... Stepsister
Ssil ..... Step sister-in-law
Ssl ...... Step son-in-law
Su ....... Superintendant
Ten ...... Tenant
U ........ Uncle
Ul ....... Uncle-in-law
Vi ....... Visitor
W ........ Wife
Wa ....... Warden
Wai ...... Waitress
Ward ..... Ward
Wkm ...... Workman
Wt ....... Waiter
